Diversity centers and distribution patterns of Eudicot crop wild relatives of Iran: priorities for conservation and important plant areas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22120/jwb.2021.526979.1219Keywords:
CWR, Domestication, Priority conservation, Distribution, IranAbstract
Crop Wild Relatives (CWR) has the potential to contribute to food security. These taxa can donate advantageous traits to counter biotic as well as abiotic stresses and improve the quality of crops. This study aims to provide as many details as possible on distribution patterns and centers of diversity to identify and establish modern protected areas in Iran. In total, 539 species of CWR, belonging to 258 genera of 75 plant families have been studied. Using prioritization criteria (gene pool level, range of distribution, and economic value) 17 families, 35 genera and 94 species of CWR have been identified in Iran, the highest diversity was found in central Alborz, eastern Alborz, and the northern sections of Zagros. Several geographic zones can be classified as national genetic reserves. Iranian CWR were distributed in 9 classes, ranging in elevation from 0 m to more than 4,000 m. Species with a high conservation value include: Rosa pimpinellifolia, Rosa webbiana, Pyrus turcomanica, Crataegus sanguinea, Vicia pannonica, Vicia grandiflora, Lathyrus pseudo-cicera, Lactuca wilhelmsiana, Cornus mas and Cornus sanguinea. The main achievement of this study has been to identify the distribution patterns and the priorities for conservation of these valuable taxa for the first time. Our results show that these prominent taxa of CWR have the potential not only to improve food and economic security at a national level, but can also contribute to global food security. Thus, an urgent and cohesive plan for their management is critical.
References
Akhani, H., Djamali, M., Ghorbanalizadeh, A. & Ramezani, E. (2010). Plant biodiversity of Hyrcanian relict forests, N Iran: an overview of the flora, vegetation, palaeoecology and conservation. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 42(Special Issue), pp.231-258
Allen, D.D. & Lockman, P.R. (2003). The blood-brain barrier choline transporter as a brain drug delivery vector. Life Sciences, 73(13), pp.1609-1615.
Assadi, M., Maassoumi, A.A., Khatamsaz, M., Mozaffarian, V. (eds), 1988–2018. Flora of Iran. Vols. 1–147. Tehran: Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands Publications. (In Persian).
Barthlott, W., Biedinger, N., Braun, G., Feig, F., Kier, G. & Mutke, J. (1999). Terminological and methodological aspects of the mapping and analysis of global biodiversity. Acta Botanica Fennica, 162(0), pp.103-110.
Barthlott, W., Lauer, W. & Placke, A. (1996). Global Distribution of Species Diversity in Vascular Plants: Towards A World Map of Phytodiversity (Globale Verteilung der Artenvielfalt Höherer Pflanzen: Vorarbeiten zu einer Weltkarte der Phytodiversität). Erdkunde, pp.317-327.
Berg, C., Abdank, A., Isermann, M., Jansen, F., Timmermann, T. & Dengler, J. (2014). Red Lists and conservation prioritization of plant communities–a methodological framework. Applied Vegetation Science, 17(3), pp.504-515.
Berlingeri, C. & Crespo, M.B. (2012). Inventory of related wild species of priority crops in Venezuela. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 59(5), pp.655-681.
Brehm, J.M., Kell, S., Thormann, I., Gaisberger, H., Dulloo, M.E. & Maxted, N. (2019). New tools for crop wild relative conservation planning. Plant Genetic Resources, 17(2), pp.208-212.
Castañeda-Álvarez, N.P., Khoury, C.K., Achicanoy, H.A., Bernau, V., Dempewolf, H., Eastwood, R.J., Guarino, L., Harker, R.H., Jarvis, A., Maxted, N. & Müller, J.V. (2016). Global conservation priorities for crop wild relatives. Nature Plants, 2(4), p.16022.
Davis, S.D., Heywood V.H. & Hamilton A.C. (1994). Centers of plant diversity. Natural History, 111(1), pp.01-1.
De Candolle, A. (1855). Géographie botanique raisonnée ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l'époque actuelle (Vol. 2). V. Masson.
Esri GIS (2014). Dictionary. Definitions for GIS terms related to operations such as analysis, GIS modeling and web-based GIS, cartography, and Esri software.
EURISCO. (2018). European Search Catalogue for Plant Genetic Resources belong to wild populations. European Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Resources (ECPGR), Rome, Italy. Available online at: https://eurisco.ipk-gatersleben.de (accessed 11 June 2018).
FAO (2008). Climate Change and Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
FAO (2012). FAO Integrated Food Security Support Service. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
Fielder, H., Brotherton, P., Hosking, J., Hopkins, J.J., Ford-Lloyd, B. & Maxted, N. (2015). Enhancing the conservation of crop wild relatives in England. PloS one, 10(6), p.e0130804.
Fischer, R.A. (1968). Stomatal opening: role of potassium uptake by guard cells. Science, 160(3829), pp.784-785.
Fitzgerald, H. (2013). The national crop wild relative strategy report for Finland.
Frankel, O. (1970). Genetic conservation of plants useful to man, Botanical Conservation 2: 162–169.
Frey, W. & Probst, W. (1986). A synopsis of the vegetation of Iran. Contributions to the vegetation of Southwest Asia, 24.
Ghorbani, M. (2013). A summary of geology of Iran. In The Economic Geology of Iran (pp. 45-64). Springer, Dordrecht.
Godfray, H.C., Beddington, J.R., Crute, I.R., Haddad, L., Lawrence, D. & Muir, J.F. (2011). Food security: The challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science; 237: 812–818.
Gómez-Campo, C. (1981). Studies on Cruciferae: 9. Erucastrum rifanum (Emberger et Maire) Gomez-Campo, comb. nov. Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid, 38(2), pp.353-356.
Guarino, L. & Lobell, D.B. (2011). A walk on the wild side. Nature Climate Change, 1(8), p.374.
Hanelt, P. (1986). Formal and informal classifications of the infraspecific variability of cultivated plants--advantages and limitations. Infraspecific classification of wild and cultivated plants/edited by BT Styles.
Hanelt, P. (2017). Institute of plant genetics and crop plant research (Eds.) (2001): Mansfield’s Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops. Springer, Berlin etc, 1(6), p.3716.
Harlan, J.R. (1971). Agricultural origins: Centres and noncentres. Science, 174, pp.568-574.
Harlan, J.R. (1975). Our vanishing genetic resources. Science, 188(4188), pp.618-621.
Hawkes, J.G. (1983). The diversity of crop plants (No. 04; SB185. 75, H3.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Hedge, I.C. & Wendelbo, P. (1978). Patterns of distribution and endemism in Iran. Notes Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 36(2), pp.441-464.
Heywood, V.H. & Zohary, D. (1995). A catalogue of the wild relatives of cultivated plants native to Europe. Flora Mediterranean, 5, pp.375-415.
Homke, S. (2007). Timing of Shortening and Uplift of the Pusht-E Kuh arc in the Zagros Fold-and-Thrust belt (IRAN). A Combiend Magnetostratigraphy and Apatite Thermochronology Analysis, Universidad de Barcelona Facultad de Geología, Departamento de Geodinámica y Geofísica.
Hosseini, N., Mehrabian, A., Mostafavi, H. (2021). 'The Distribution Patterns and Priorities for Conservation of Monocots Crop Wild Relatives (CWRs) of Iran', Journal of Wildlife and Biodiversity, 5(2), pp. 28-43.
Huang, J., Chen, B., Liu, C., Lai, J. & Zhang, J. (2012). Identifying hotspots of endemic woody seed plant diversity in China, Diversity and Distributions, (Diversity Distrib.) 18, 673.
Hummer, K.E. & Hancock, J.F. (2015). Vavilovian centers of plant diversity: Implications and impacts. HortScience, 50(6), pp.780-783.
Hunter, D. & Heywood, V. (2011). Crop Wild Relatives: A Manual of in situ Conservation.
IBC, I. (2012). International Code Council. International Building Code. International Code Council: Washington DC, United States.
IPCC, (2007). Fourth Assessment Report Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva, Switzerland.
IPGRI (1985). Descriptors for Vigna radiata and V. mungo. International Plant Genetic Resource Institute, Rome, Italy.
Iriondo, J.M., Parra-Quijano, M., Lara-Romero, C., Carreño, F., Maxted, N., Kell, S. & Ford-Lloyd, B.V. (2012). Where and how? Genetic reserve site selection and development of common quality standards. Crop wild relative, p.31.
IUCN (2011). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2 Available here: http://www.iucnredlist.org/.
Kapos, V., Lysenko, I. & Lesslie, R. (2000). Assessing forest integrity and naturalness in relation to biodiversity. Forest Resources Assessment Programme. Working Paper (FAO).
Kell, S.P., Knüpffer, H., Jury, S.L., Ford-Lloyd, B.V. & Maxted, N. (2008). Crops and wild relatives of the Euro-Mediterranean region: making and using a conservation catalogue. Crop wild relative conservation and use. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, pp.69-109.
Kell, S.P., Knüpffer, H., Jury, S.L., Maxted, N. & Ford-Lloyd, B.V. (2005). Catalogue of crop wild relatives for Europe and the Mediterranean. University of Birmingham, Birmingham.
Khoury, C.K., Achicanoy, H.A., Bjorkman, A.D., Navarro-Racines, C., Guarino, L., Flores-Palacios, X., Engels, J.M., Wiersema, J.H., Dempewolf, H., Sotelo, S. & Ramírez-Villegas, J. (2016). Origins of food crops connect countries worldwide. Proc. R. Soc. B, 283(1832), p.20160792.
Khoury, C.K., Greene, S., Wiersema, J., Maxted, N., Jarvis, A. & Struik, P.C. (2013). An inventory of crop wild relatives of the United States. Crop Science, 53(4), pp.1496-1508.
Kier, G. & Barthlott, W. (2001). Measuring and mapping endemism and species richness: a new methodological approach and its application on the flora of Africa. Biodiversity & Conservation, 10(9), pp.1513-1529.
Kier, G., Mutke, J., Dinerstein, E., Ricketts, T.H., Küper, W., Kreft, H. & Barthlott, W. (2005). Global patterns of plant diversity and floristic knowledge. Journal of Biogeography, 32(7), pp.1107-1116.
Klein, R. (1972). The new politics of the National Health Service (Doctoral dissertation, Texas Tech University).
Laguna, E. (2001). The micro-reserves as a tool for conservation of threatened plants in Europe. Nature and Environment 21. Council of Europe Publishing.
Laguna, E., Deltoro, V.I., Pérez-Botella, J., Pérez-Rovira, P., Serra, L., Olivares, A. & Fabregat, C. (2004). The role of small reserves in plant conservation in a region of high diversity in eastern Spain. Biological Conservation, 119(3), pp.421-426.
Langhamer, C. (2007). Love and courtship in mid-twentieth-century England. The Historical Journal, 50(1), pp.173-196.
Langhammer, P.F., Bakarr, M.I., Bennun, L. & Brooks, T.M. (2007). Identification and gap analysis of key biodiversity areas: targets for comprehensive protected area systems (No. 15). IUCN.
Leonard, J.J. & Durrant-Whyte, H.F. (1991). Simultaneous map building and localization for an autonomous mobile robot. In Proceedings IROS'91: IEEE/RSJ International Workshop on Intelligent Robots and Systems' 91(pp. 1442-1447).
Lobell, D.B., Burke, M.B., Tebaldi, C., Mastrandrea, M.D., Falcon, W.P. & Naylor, R.L. (2008). Prioritizing climate change adaptation needs for food security in 2030. Science, 319(5863), pp.607-610.
Loskutov, I.G. (1999). NI Vavilov and his Institute. History of the world collection of plant genetic resources in Russia. IPGRI, Rome, 189p.
Loskutov, I.G. (2020). Vavilov Institute (VIR): historical aspects of international cooperation for plant genetic resources. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 67(8), pp.2237-2253.
Magos, G.A., Mateos, J.C., Páez, E., Fernández, G., Lobato, C., Márquez, C. & Enríquez, R.G. (2008). Hypotensive and vasorelaxant effects of the procyanidin fraction from Guazuma ulmifolia bark in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 117(1), 58-68.
Maxted, N. & Vincent, H. (2021). Review of congruence between global crop wild relative hotspots and centres of crop origin/diversity. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, pp.1-15.
Maxted, N., Avagyan, A., Frese, L., Iriondo, J.M., Magos Brehm, J., Singer, A. & Kell, S.P. (2015). ECPGR concept for in situ conservation of crop wild relatives in Europe. Wild Species Conservation in Genetic Reserves Working Group, European Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Resources, Rome, Italy.
Maxted, N., Ford-Lloyd, B.V., Jury, S., Kell, S. & Scholten, M. (2006a). Towards a definition of a crop wild relative. Biodiversity & Conservation, 15(8), pp.2673-2685.
Maxted, N., Magos Brehm, J. & Kell, S. (2013). Resource book for preparation of national conservation plans for crop wild relatives and landraces. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Italy.
Mehrabian, A.R., Amini Rad, M. & Pahlevani, A.H. (2015). The Map of Distribution patterns of Iranian Endemic Monocotyledons. Shahid Beheshti University.
Mehrabian, A.R., Sheidai, M., Noormohammad, Z., Mozafarian, V. & Asri, Y. (2012). Interpopulations diversity in Onosma microcarpa (Boraginaceae): Morphological and molecular approach. Science Medical, 3: 187–198.
Meyer, R.S., DuVal, A.E. & Jensen, H.R. (2012). Patterns and processes in crop domestication: An historical review and quantitative analysis of 203 global food crops. New Phytologist, 196(1), pp.29-48.
Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., Da Fonseca, G.A. & Kent, J., (2000). Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403(6772), pp.853-858.
Navab, P.P., Heydar, Z.G., Mafi, A., Sheykh, A.E.M. & Haghipour, N. (2006). A preface to the paleostress reorientations in the Kopet-dagh after Triassic period.
Nevo, E., & Beiles, A. (1992). Amino‐Acid Resources in the Wild Progenitor of Wheats, Triticum dicoccoides, in Israel—Polymorphisms and Predictability by Ecology and Isozymes. Plant breeding, 108(3), 190-201.
Nevo, E. (1995a). Genetic resources of wild emmer, Triticum dicoccoides for wheat improvement: News and Views. Proc. Intern. 8th Wheat Genet. Symp., 20–25 July, 1993. Beijing. pp. 79–87. China Agricultural Scientech Press, Beijing.
Nevo, E. (1995b). Asian, African and European biota meet at ‘Evolution Canyon’, Israel: Local tests of global biodiversity and genetic diversity patterns. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B262: 149–155.
Nevo, E., Baum, B., Beiles, A. & Johnson, D.A. (1998). Ecological correlates of RAPD DNA diversity of wild barley, Hordeum spontaneum, in the Fertile Crescent. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 45(2), pp.151-159.
Noroozi, J., Akhani, H. & Breckle, S.W. (2008). Biodiversity and phytogeography of the alpine flora of Iran. Biodiversity and Conservation, 17(3), pp.493-521.
Palm, C.A., Smukler, S.M., Sullivan, C.C., Mutuo, P.K., Nyadzi, G.I. & Walsh, M.G. (2010). Identifying potential synergies and trade-offs for meeting food security and climate change objectives in sub-Saharan Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(46), pp.19661-19666.
Pandey, D.P. & Gerdes, K. (2005). Toxin–antitoxin loci are highly abundant in free-living but lost from host-associated prokaryotes. Nucleic acids research, 33(3), 966-976.
Panella, L., Landucci, S., Torricelli, R., Gigante, D., Donnini, D., Venanzoni, R. & Negri, V. (2014). The national crop wild relative strategy for Italy: first steps to be taken.
Phillips, J., Kyratzis, A., Christoudoulou, C., Kell, S. & Maxted, N. (2014). Development of a national crop wild relative conservation strategy for Cyprus. Genetic resources and crop evolution, 61(4), pp.817-827.
Pressey, R.L., Ferrier, S., Hager, T.C., Woods, C.A., Tully, S.L. & Weinman, K.M. (1996). How well protected are the forests of north-eastern New South Wales?—Analyses of forest environments in relation to formal protection measures, land tenure, and vulnerability to clearing. Forest Ecology and Management, 85(1-3), pp.311-333.
Pressey, R.L., Johnson, I.R. & Wilson, P.D. (1994). Shades of irreplaceability: towards a measure of the contribution of sites to a reservation goal. Biodiversity & Conservation, 3(3), pp.242-262.
Rechinger, K.H. (1986). Artemisia. Flora Iranica Compositae, 158, p.214.
Rubio-Tapia, A., Hill, I.D., Kelly, C.P., Calderwood, A.H. & Murray, J.A. (2013). ACG clinical guidelines: diagnosis and management of celiac disease. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 108(5), 656.
Sapir, T., Geiman, E.J., Wang, Z., Velasquez, T., Mitsui, S., Yoshihara, Y., Frank, E., Alvarez, F.J. & Goulding, M. (2004). Pax6 and engrailed 1 regulate two distinct aspects of renshaw cell development. Journal of Neuroscience, 24(5), pp.1255-1264.
Sayadi, S. & Mehrabian, A. (2016). Diversity and distribution patterns of Solanaceae in Iran: Implications for conservation and habitat management with emphasis on endemism and diversity in SW Asia. Rostaniha 17(2): 136–160.
Sayadi, S. & Mehrabian, A. (2017). Distribution patterns of Convolvulaceae in Iran: priorities for conservation, Rostaniha 18(2): 181–197.
Schmidhuber, J. & Tubiello, F.N. (2007). Global food security under climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(50), pp.19703-19708.
Schönbeck-Temesy, E. (1972). Flora Iranica: Flora des iranischen Hochlandes und der umrahmenden Gebirge; Persien, Afghanistan, Teile von West-Pakistan, Nord-Iraq, Azerbaidjan, Turkmenistan. 100. Solanaceae. Verlag des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien.
Sinskaya, E.N. (1969). Historical geography of cultivated floras (at the dawn of agriculture). L.: Kolos, 480.
Stöcklin, J. (1974). Possible ancient continental margins in Iran. In The geology of continental margins (pp. 873-887). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Takhtajan, A. (1986). Floristic regions of the world. Berkeley, etc.:(Transl. by TJ Crovello.) Univ. Calif. Press, 581, p.1.
Thiers, B. (2016). Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden's Virtual Herbarium. http://sweetgum. nybg. org/ih.
United Nations (2011). World Population Prospects. UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.
Valavi, R., Shafizadeh-Moghadam, H., Matkan, A.A., Mirbagheri, B. & Kia, H. (2018). Modelling climate change effects on Zagros forests in Iran using individual and ensemble forecasting approaches Theoretical and Applied Climatology.
Vavilov, N.I. (1926). Studies on the origin of cultivated plants.
Vavilov, N.I., Vavilov, M.I., Dorofeev & V.F. (1992). Origin and geography of cultivated plants. Cambridge University Press
Vincent, H., Wiersema, J., Kell, S., Fielder, H., Dobbie, S., Castañeda-Álvarez, N.P., Guarino, L., Eastwood, R., Leόn, B. & Maxted, N. (2013). A prioritized crop wild relative inventory to help underpin global food security. Biological conservation, 167, pp.265-275.
Williams, D.B. & Carter, C.B. (1996). The transmission electron microscope. In Transmission electron microscopy (pp. 3-17). Springer, Boston, MA.
Yohannes, T. (2016). Diversity of Crop Wild Relatives and Edible Wild Plants in Ethiopia. Journal of Biodiversity Management & Forestry, 2015.
Zeven, A.C. & De Wet, J.M. (1982). Dictionary of cultivated plants and their regions of diversity: excluding most ornamentals, forest trees and lower plants. Pudoc.
Zeven, A.C. & Zhukovsky, P.M. (1975). Dictionary of cultivated plants and their centers of diversity (pp. 29-30). Wageningen: Center for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation.
Zhukovsky, P.M. (1968). New centers of the origin and new gene centers of cultivated plants including specifically endemic micro-centers of species closely allied to cultivated species. Bot. J.(Russian Bot Z.), 53, pp.430-460.
Zohary, M. (1973). Geobotanical Foundations of the Middle East.
Zohary, M. (1976). A New Analytical Flora of Israel. Am Oved Publ.
JWB applies the 