Emerging Technologies to Combat Poaching
Keywords:
Traditional Crimes, Hunting, Wildlife crimesAbstract
Like traditional crimes that harm human society, wildlife crime also threatens the animal population. In the present scenario, it is increasing at an alarming rate daily, ultimately leading to their extinction and an imbalanced ecosystem. Wildlife crime is committed in variable forms such as hunting, illegal wildlife trading, animal trafficking, as well import and export of medicinal plants and their products but out of them cases of Poaching were reported increasingly and thus need special attention as the poachers are increasing day by day and their urge for monetary gain is also enhancing. Although traditional methods were already implemented to reduce the numbers still, these methods had certain limitations and hence, require modification and advancement. By keeping this in mind, the current review deals with the techniques that can be utilized to combat such crimes, with special emphasis on new emerging techniques including hardware and software-based methods.
References
Abotsi, K. E., Galizzi, P., & Herklotz, A. (2016). Wildlife crime and degradation in Africa: an analysis of the current crisis and prospects for a secure future. Fordham Environmental Law Review, 27(3), 394-441.
Abotsi, K. E., Galizzi, P., & Herklotz, A. (2016). Wildlife crime and degradation in Africa: an analysis of the current crisis and prospects for a secure future. Fordham Environmental Law Review, 27(3), 394-441. Abrell, E. (2021). Saving animals: Multispecies ecologies of rescue and care. U of Minnesota Press.
Al-Zohairi, S., Knudsen, M. T., & Mogensen, L. (2022). Environmental impact of Danish pork—effect of allocation methods at slaughtering stage. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 27(9-11), 1228-1248.
Anagnostou, M., Gunn, V., Nibbs, O., Muntaner, C., & Doberstein, B. (2022). An international scoping review of rangers’ precarious employment conditions. Environment Systems and Decisions, 42(4), 479-503.
Auliya, M., Altherr, S., Ariano-Sanchez, D., Baard, E. H., Brown, C., Brown, R. M., ... & Ziegler, T. (2016). Trade in live reptiles, its impact on wild populations, and the role of the European market. Biological Conservation, 204, 103-119.
Ballantyne, R., Packer, J., Hughes, K., & Dierking, L. (2007). Conservation learning in wildlife tourism settings: Lessons from research in zoos and aquariums. Environmental Education Research, 13(3), 367-383.
Balls, M., Combes, R., & Worth, A. (2018). The history of alternative test methods in toxicology. Academic Press.
Barribeau, J. (2020). Poaching in Southern Africa: Identifying Leverage Points for Effective Intervention. University of Washington.
Begum, A., Uddin, M. K., Rahman, M. M., Shamsuzzaman, M. M., & Islam, M. M. (2022). Assessing policy, legal and institutional frameworks of marine megafauna conservation in Bangladesh. Marine Policy, 143, 105-187.
Begum, H. A., Idrees, A., Afzal, A., Iqbal, J., Qadir, Z. A., Shahzad, M. F., ... & Li, J. (2023). Impact of different pollen protein diets on the physiology of Apis mellifera L.(Hymenoptera: Apidae) workers from essential plant sources. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 35(2), 102511.
Biggs, D., Ban, N. C., Castilla, J. C., Gelcich, S., Mills, M., Gandiwa, E., ... & Possingham, H. P. (2019). Insights on fostering the emergence of robust conservation actions from Zimbabwe's CAMPFIRE program. Global Ecology and Conservation, 17, e00538.
Blondel, J. (2006). The ‘design ’ of Mediterranean landscapes: a millennial story of humans and ecological systems during the historic period. Human ecology, 34, 713-729.
Black, R., Busby, J., Dabelko, G. D., De Coning, C., Maalim, H., McAllister, C., ... & Staudenmann, J. A. (2022). Environment of peace: Security in a new era of risk.7.
Brantingham, P. L., & Brantingham, P. J. (2017). Environment, routine, and situation: Toward a pattern theory of crime. In Routine activity and rational choice (pp. 259-294). Routledge.
Brozek, W., & Falkenberg, C. (2021). Industrial animal farming and zoonotic risk: COVID-19 as a gateway to sustainable change? A scoping study. Sustainability, 13(16), 9251.
Bulwa, F. (2020). WILDLIFE POACHING & GLOBAL ANIMAL TRAFFICKING.
Burkart, J. M., Schubiger, M. N., & van Schaik, C. P. (2017). The evolution of general intelligence. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 40, e195.
Cajiga Morales, R. M. (2021). Shark Finning Legislation and Shark Welfare: an Analysis of the Kristin Jacobs Ocean Conservation Act. In dA Derecho Animal: Forum of Animal Law Studies (Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 78-110).
Carter, N., Killion, A., Easter, T., Brandt, J., & Ford, A. (2020). Road development in Asia: Assessing the range-wide risks to tigers. Science Advances, 6(18), eaaz9619.
Cawthorn, D. M., & Hoffman, L. C. (2016). Controversial cuisine: A global account of the demand, supply, and acceptance of “unconventional” and “exotic” meats. Meat Science, 120, 19-36.
Chandran, N. K., Sultan, M. T. H., Łukaszewicz, A., Shahar, F. S., Holovatyy, A., & Giernacki, W. (2023). Review on Type of Sensors and Detection Method of Anti-Collision Systems of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. Sensors, 23(15), 6810.
Chase, A. W., & Hobbs, N. (2023). Ultimate Guide to Trail Running: Everything You Need to Know about Equipment, Finding Trails, Nutrition, Hill Strategy, Racing, Avoiding Injury, Training, Weather, and Safety. Rowman & Littlefield.
Chen, C., Feng, J., Li, J., Guo, Y., Shi, X., & Peng, H. (2022). Functional fiber materials to smart fiber devices. Chemical Reviews, 123(2), 613-662.
Chirisa, I., Mukarwi, L., Nyevera, T., Matamanda, A., & Dipura, R. (2020). Wildlife crime in Zimbabwe: implications on public administration and environmental sustainability. Journal of Public Administration and Development Alternatives (JPADA), 5(2), 97-113.
Danoff‐Burg, J. A., & Ocañas, A. R. (2022). Individual and community‐level impacts of the unarmed all‐women Black Mamba Anti‐Poaching Unit. Zoo Biology, 41(5), 479-490.
Davis, E. O. (2020). Understanding use of bear products in Southeast Asia: Human-oriented perspectives from Cambodia and Laos (Doctoral dissertation, University of Bristol).
Dickman, A. J. (2010). Complexities of conflict: the importance of considering social factors for effectively resolving human-wildlife conflict. Animal conservation, 13(5), 458-466.
Droissart, V., Azandi, L., Onguene, E. R., Savignac, M., Smith, T. B., & Deblauwe, V. (2021). PICT: A low‐cost, modular, open‐source camera trap system to study plant-insect interactions. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 12(8), 1389-1396.
Eikelboom, J. A., Nuijten, R. J., Wang, Y. X., Schroder, B., Heitkönig, I. M., Mooij, W. M., ... & Prins, H. H. (2020). Will the legal international rhino horn trade save wild rhino populations? Global Ecology and Conservation, 23, e01145.
Felbab-Brown, V. (2016). The Rise of Militias in Mexico: Citizens' Security or Further Conflict Escalation? Prism, 5(4), 172-187.
Fernando, W. M. A. D., Martins, I. J., Morici, M., Bharadwaj, P., Rainey-Smith, S. R., Lim, W. L. F., & Martins, R. N. (2020). Sodium butyrate reduces brain amyloid-β levels and improves cognitive memory performance in an Alzheimer’s disease transgenic mouse model at an early disease stage. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 74(1), 91-99.
Fitzgerald, S. (2019). Feather Stone. Lulu. com.
Garcia, S. M., & Rice, J. (2020). Assessing progress towards Aichi biodiversity target 6 on sustainable marine fisheries. Technical Series, (87).
Gayley, H. (2017). The compassionate treatment of animals: A contemporary Buddhist approach in Eastern Tibet. Journal of Religious Ethics, 45(1), 29-57.
Goetz, R. A. (2016). The baptism of early Virginia: How Christianity created race. JHU Press
Gopal, N. (2022). BRICS Cooperation in Fighting Transnational Crimes. In The Political Economy of Intra-BRICS Cooperation: Challenges and Prospects (pp. 99-113). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Greenfield, S., & Veríssimo, D. (2019). To what extent is social marketing used in demand reduction campaigns for illegal wildlife products? Insights from elephant ivory and rhino horn. Social Marketing Quarterly, 25(1), 40-54.
Gruber, T. (2023). An ethical assessment of the use of old and new methods to study sociality in wild animals. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 14(8), 1842-1851.
Gunn, A. (2019). Essential forensic biology. John Wiley & Sons.
Hailemariam, M., & Mekonen, S. (2021). Ethnozoology: Fauna and Their Products as Traditional Curative, protective, and preventive medicines, and Prospection of Animal Conservation. Berhan International Research Journal of Science and Humanities, 5(1), 47-72.
Harmsen, H., Wang'ondu, V. W., Mbau, J. S., & Muthama, N. J. (2021). A randomized hotspot strategy is effective in countering bushmeat poaching by snaring. Biological Conservation, 253, 108909.
Harvey, A. M., Morton, J. M., Mellor, D. J., Russell, V., Chapple, R. S., & Ramp, D. (2021). Use of remote camera traps to evaluate animal-based welfare indicators in individual free-roaming wild horses. Animals, 11(7), 2101.
Herrmann, R. B. (2019). No Useless Mouth: Waging war and fighting hunger in the American Revolution (p. 308). Cornell University Press.
Hernández‐Rangel, A., & Martin‐Martinez, E. S. (2021). Collagen-based electrospun materials for skin wound treatment. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 109(9), 1751-1764.
Hopkins, J. (2019). Extreme Cuisine: The Weird and Wonderful Foods That People Eat. Tuttle Publishing.
Hopkins, J. (2019). Extreme Cuisine: The Weird and Wonderful Foods That People Eat. Tuttle Publishing.
Huang, Q., Wang, F., Yang, H., Valitutto, M., & Songer, M. (2021). Will the COVID-19 outbreak be a turning point for China's wildlife protection: New developments and challenges of wildlife conservation in China. Biological Conservation, 254, 108937.
Hussain, S. (2020). The snow leopard and the goat: Politics of conservation in the Western Himalayas. University of Washington Press.
Hutchins, M., Smith, B., & Allard, R. (2016). In defense of zoos and aquariums: the ethical basis for keeping wild animals in captivity. In The animal ethics reader (pp. 612-620). Routledge.
Hutchison, Z. L., Gill, A. B., Sigray, P., He, H., & King, J. W. (2021). A modeling evaluation of electromagnetic fields emitted by buried subsea power cables and encountered by marine animals: considerations for marine renewable energy development. Renewable Energy, 177, 72-81.
Ibrahim, S. K., Ziedan, I. E., & Ahmed, A. (2021). Study of climate change detection in North-East Africa using machine learning and satellite data. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 14, 11080-11094.
Isaacs, M., & Witbooi, E. (2019). Fisheries crime, human rights and small-scale fisheries in South Africa: A case of bigger fish to fry. Marine Policy, 105, 158-168.
Jamieson, D. (2016). Against zoos. In The Animal Ethics Reader (pp. 606-611). Routledge.
Jugli, S., Chakravorty, J., & Meyer-Rochow, V. B. (2020). Zootherapeutic uses of animals and their parts: an important element of the traditional knowledge of the Tangsa and Wancho of eastern Arunachal Pradesh, North-East India. Environment, development, and sustainability, 22, 4699-4734.
Kays, R., Davidson, S. C., Berger, M., Bohrer, G., Fiedler, W., Flack, A., ... & Wikelski, M. (2022). The Move bank system for studying global animal movement and demography. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 13(2), 419-431.
Kelly, M. J., Betsch, J., Wultsch, C., Mesa, B., & Mills, L. S. (2012). Noninvasive sampling for carnivores. Carnivore ecology and conservation: a handbook of techniques, 47-69.
Kemmerer, L. (2012). Animals and world religions. Oxford University Press.
Keskin, B. B., Griffin, E. C., Prell, J. O., Dilkina, B., Ferber, A., MacDonald, J., ... & Gore, M. L. (2022). Quantitative investigation of wildlife trafficking supply chains: A review. Omega, 102780.
König, H. J., Kiffner, C., Kramer‐Schadt, S., Fürst, C., Keuling, O., & Ford, A. T. (2020). Human-wildlife coexistence in a changing world. Conservation Biology, 34(4), 786-794.
Kyriakidis, N. C., López-Cortés, A., González, E. V., Grimaldos, A. B., & Prado, E. O. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 vaccines strategies: a comprehensive review of phase 3 candidates. npj Vaccines, 6(1), 28.
Lamichhane, S., Joshi, R., Poudel, B., & Subedi, P. (2020). Role of community in leading conservation: Effectiveness, success, and challenges of a community-based anti-poaching unit in Nepal.
Lamichhane, S., Joshi, R., Poudel, B. and Subedi, P.(2020). Role of Community in Leading Conservation: Effectiveness, Success, and Challenges of Community-Based Anti-Poaching Unit in Nepal. Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources, 3(4), 94-109.
Losavio, M. M., Chow, K. P., Koltay, A., & James, J. (2018). The Internet of Things and the Smart City: Legal challenges with digital forensics, privacy, and security. Security and Privacy, 1(3), e23.
Lam, W. Y., Phung, C. C., Mat, Z. A., Jamaluddin, H., Sivayogam, C. P., Abidin, F. A. Z., ... & Pickles, R. S. A. (2023). Using a crime prevention framework to evaluate tiger counter-poaching in a Southeast Asian rainforest. Frontiers in Conservation Science, 4, 1213552.
LOBO¹, R. Y. A. N., & SMETACEK, P. (2022). Management of free-ranging dogs (FRD) in and around wildlife-protected areas in India. MANAGEMENT, 24, 1-2.
Lombard, M., & Haidle, M. N. (2012). Thinking a bow-and-arrow set: cognitive implications of Middle Stone Age bow and stone-tipped arrow technology. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 22(2), 237-264.
Lorimer, J. (2015). Wildlife in the Anthropocene: conservation after nature. U of Minnesota Press.
Louchouarn, N. X., Santiago-Ávila, F. J., Parsons, D. R., & Treves, A. (2021). Evaluating how lethal management affects poaching of Mexican wolves. Royal Society Open Science, 8(3), 200330.
Mackenzie, S., & Yates, D. (2016). Collectors on illicit collecting: Higher loyalties and other techniques of neutralization in the unlawful collecting of rare and precious orchids and antiquities. Theoretical Criminology, 20(3), 340-357.
MacKenzie, J. M. (2017). Hunting and African societies. In The Empire of Nature (pp. 54-84). Manchester University Press.
Marescot, L., Lyet, A., Singh, R., Carter, N., & Gimenez, O. (2020). Inferring wildlife poaching in southeast Asia with multispecies dynamic occupancy models. Ecography, 43(2), 239-250.
Marescot, L., Lyet, A., Singh, R., Carter, N., & Gimenez, O. (2020). Inferring wildlife poaching in southeast Asia with multispecies dynamic occupancy models. Ecography, 43(2), 239-250.
Méndez, M. (2020). Climate change from the streets: How conflict and collaboration strengthen the environmental justice movement. Yale University Press.90.
Mestanza-Ramón, C., Henkanaththegedara, S. M., Vásconez Duchicela, P., Vargas Tierras, Y., Sánchez Capa, M., Constante Mejía, D., ... & Mestanza Ramón, P. (2020). In-situ and ex-situ biodiversity conservation in Ecuador: A review of policies, actions, and challenges. Diversity, 12(8), 315.
Morehead, P. D. (2002). New American Roget's College Thesaurus in Dictionary Form (Revised &Updated). Penguin.
Moreto, W. D., & Charlton, R. (2021). Rangers cannot be with every elephant: assessing rangers' perceptions of a community, problem-solving policing model for protected areas. Oryx, 55(1), 89-98.
Mudumba, T., Jingo, S., Heit, D., & Montgomery, R. A. (2021). The landscape configuration and lethality of snare poaching of sympatric guilds of large carnivores and ungulates. African Journal of Ecology, 59(1), 51-62.
Munaweera, D. A. (2022). Combating White Collar Crimes: A Comparative Study on Regulating the Rapid Evolution of White-Collar Crime in Sri Lanka. In 15TH INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH CONFERENCE (p. 116).
Narayanan, D. L., Saladi, R. N., & Fox, J. L. (2010). Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer. International journal of dermatology, 49(9), 978-986.
Pérez‐Moreno, J., Guerin‐Laguette, A., Rinaldi, A. C., Yu, F., Verbeken, A., Hernández‐Santiago, F., & Martínez‐Reyes, M. (2021). Edible mycorrhizal fungi of the world: What is their role in forest sustainability, food security, biocultural conservation, and climate change? Plants, People, Planet, 3(5), 471-490.
Pilz, P. M., Ward, J. E., Chang, W. T., Kiss, A., Bateh, E., Jha, A., ... & Liao, R. (2022). Large and small animal models of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Circulation Research, 130(12), 1888-1905.
Pimbert, M. P., & Pretty, J. N. (2013). Parks, People, and Professionals: Putting ‘Participation' into Protected-Area Management. In Social change and conservation (pp. 297-330). Routledge.
Proulx, G., & Rodtka, D. (2019). Killing traps and snares in North America: The need for stricter checking periods. Animals, 9(8), 570.
Pires, S. F., & Moreto, W. D. (2017). Preventing wildlife crimes: Solutions that can overcome the ‘Tragedy of the Commons. Transnational environmental crime, 419-442.
Proulx, G., & Rodtka, D. (2019). Killing traps and snares in North America: The need for stricter checking periods. Animals, 9(8), 570.
Pusparini, W., Batubara, T., Surahmat, F. A. H. R. U. D. I. N., Sugiharti, T., Muslich, M., Amama, F., ... & Andayani, N. (2018). A pathway to recovery: the Critically Endangered Sumatran tiger Panthera tigris sumatrae in an ‘in danger’UNESCO World Heritage Site. Oryx, 52(1), 25-34.
Rahman, M. M. (2022). Effectiveness of the coastal and marine conservation initiatives in Bangladesh: analyzing the drawbacks of the legal, policy, and institutional framework. Journal of the Indian Ocean Region, 18(2), 149-172.
Rees, A. F., Avens, L., Ballorain, K., Bevan, E., Broderick, A. C., Carthy, R. R., ... & Godley, B. J. (2018). The potential of unmanned aerial systems for sea turtle research and conservation: a review and future directions. Endangered Species Research, 35,81-100.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Wildlife and Biodiversity
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.