Insights into Male Infertility: A Clinical Examination of Hormonal and Adipokine Profiles in Mosul

Authors

  • Khalis Mohammed Shahadha Technical University, University Hwy street 95H3+JM, 41002 Mosul, Iraq
  • Shihab Ahmed Al-Bajari Dean of the College of Agricultural Technology, Northern Technical University, University Hwy street 95H3+JM, 41002 Mosul, Iraq
  • Firas Tahir Maher Chemistry Department, College of Science, Tikrit University, University Street MMJ2+25H, 34001 Tikrit, Iraq

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10251849

Keywords:

Testosterone, Hormonal imbalance, Male reproductive health, Biomarkers

Abstract

Infertility is a global concern affecting numerous couples, with hormonal imbalances and adipokines contributing to approximately half of all cases. This study explores the impact of male hormones and adipokines on infertility, measuring various parameters in the blood serum of men with and without identified reasons for infertility, as well as fertile men. Findings reveal a significant decrease in testosterone and an increase in FSH, LH, PRL, and E2 in infertile men compared to the control group. While RETN and Visfatin showed no significant differences, CHEM exhibited variations among infertile and control groups. The study establishes positive connections between certain hormones and age, smoking, and periods of infertility. Identifying these variables could aid in diagnosing and treating infertility

Author Biography

Shihab Ahmed Al-Bajari, Dean of the College of Agricultural Technology, Northern Technical University, University Hwy street 95H3+JM, 41002 Mosul, Iraq

Abdul-razzaq, L. N. (2023). Male Infertility Risk Factors and Potential Causes : A Scoping Review. 1.

Al-bofkane, K. M. K., & Al-bofkane, N. K. (2021). Assessing the Potential of Prolactin Hormonein Chronic Kidney Disease Assessing the Potential of Prolactin Hormonein Chronic Kidney Disease Patients. November.

Alghannam, A. F., Ghaith, M. M., & Alhussain, M. H. (2021). Regulation of energy substrate metabolism in endurance exercise. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094963

Analytics, M., Analytics, F. M., & Number, A. C. (2019). Elecsys Prolactin II. 2–5.

Analytics, M., & Analytics, M. (2018). Elecsys LH. 1–4.

Analytics, M., & Analytics, M. (2019). Elecsys FSH. 4–7.

Apln, H., & Elisa, A. (n.d.). Human APLN(Apelin) ELISA Kit. 430075, 1–8.

Babu, S. R., Sadhnani, M. D., Swarna, M., Padmavathi, P., & Reddy, P. P. (2004). Evaluation of fsh , lh and testosterone levels in different subgroups of infertile males. 19(1), 45–49.

Barberán, A. C., Boel, A., Meerschaut, F. Vanden, Stoop, D., & Heindryckx, B. (2020). Diagnosis and treatment of male infertility-related fertilization failure. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(12), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9123899

Bobjer, J., Katrinaki, M., Dermitzaki, E., Margioris, A. N., Giwercman, A., & Tsatsanis, C. (2018). Serum chemerin levels are negatively associated with male fertility and reproductive hormones. Human Reproduction, 33(12), 2168–2174. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dey310

Chem, H., & Elisa, C. (n.d.). Human CHEM(Chemerin) ELISA Kit. 430075, 1–8.

Cobas 8000. (2020). Elecsys Estradiol III. 1–6.

Corradi, P. F., Corradi, R. B., & Greene, L. W. (2016). Physiology of the Hypothalamic Pituitary Gonadal Axis in the Male. Urologic Clinics of North America, 43(2), 151–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ucl.2016.01.001

Dubois-vedrenne, I., Delbany, D. Al, Henau, O. De, Vernimmen, M., Langa, F., Lefort, A., Libert, F., Wittamer, V., & Parmentier, M. (2021). The antitumoral effects of chemerin are independent from leukocyte recruitment and mediated by inhibition of neoangiogenesis. 12(19), 1903–1919.

Estienne, A., Bongrani, A., Reverchon, M., & Ram, C. (n.d.). Involvement of Novel Adipokines , Chemerin , Visfatin , Resistin and Apelin in Reproductive Functions in Normal and Pathological Conditions in Humans and Animal Models.

Goazigo, A. R. Le, Alvear-Perez, R., Zizzari, P., Epelbaum, J., Bluet-Pajot, M. T., & Llorens-Cortes, C. (2007). Cellular localization of apelin and its receptor in the anterior pituitary: Evidence for a direct stimulatory action of apelin on ACTH release. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism, 292(1), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00521.2005

Johnson, S., Schiffner, J., Freundl, G., Bachmann, N., & Gnoth, C. (2019). Luteinising hormone profiles in conception and non-conception natural cycles. European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care, 24(2), 140–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/13625187.2019.1590697

Kilicdag, E. B., Yavuz, H., Bagis, T., Tarim, E., Erkan, A. N., & Kazanci, F. (2004). Effects of estrogen therapy on hearing in postmenopausal women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 190(1), 77–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2003.06.001

Krishnan, A., & Muthusami, S. (2017). Hormonal alterations in PCOS and its influence on bone metabolism. Journal of Endocrinology, 232(2), R99–R113. https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-16-0405

Lennartsson, A. K., & Jonsdottir, I. H. (2011). Prolactin in response to acute psychosocial stress in healthy men and women. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36(10), 1530–1539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.04.007

Lhomme, T., Clasadonte, J., Imbernon, M., Fernandois, D., Sauve, F., Caron, E., da Silva Lima, N., Heras, V., Martinez-Corral, I., Mueller-Fielitz, H., Rasika, S., Schwaninger, M., Nogueiras, R., & Prevot, V. (2021). Tanycytic networks mediate energy balance by feeding lactate to glucose-insensitive POMC neurons. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 131(18). https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI140521

Mahde, A., Shaker, M., & Al-Mashhadani, Z. (2009). Study of Omentin1 and Other Adipokines and Hormones in PCOS Patients. Oman Medical Journal, 24(2), 108–10818. https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2009.25

Maillard, V., Elis, S., Desmarchais, A., Hivelin, C., Lardic, L., Lomet, D., Uzbekova, S., Monget, P., & Dupont, J. (2017). Visfatin and resistin in gonadotroph cells: Expression, regulation of LH secretion and signalling pathways. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 29(12), 2479–2495. https://doi.org/10.1071/RD16301

Malamitsi-Puchner, A., Briana, D. D., Gourgiotis, D., Boutsikou, M., Baka, S., & Hassiakos, D. (2007). Blood visfatin concentrations in normal full-term pregnancies. Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics, 96(4), 526–529. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00231.x

Mitra, A., Chakraborty, B., Mukhopadhay, D., Pal, M., Mukherjee, S., Banerjee, S., & Chaudhuri, K. (2012). Effect of smoking on semen quality, FSH, testosterone level, and CAG repeat length in androgen receptor gene of infertile men in an Indian city. Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 58(5), 255–262. https://doi.org/10.3109/19396368.2012.684195

Murgia, F., Corda, V., Serrenti, M., Usai, V., Santoru, M. L., Hurt, K. J., Passaretti, M., Monni, M. C., Atzori, L., & Monni, G. (2020). Seminal fluid metabolomic markers of oligozoospermic infertility in humans. Metabolites, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo10020064

Mustafa, M., Hadi, J., Sharifa, A., IIIzam, E., & Aliya, S. (2019). Male and Female Infertility: Causes, And Management. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS) e-ISSN, 18(9), 27–32. https://doi.org/10.9790/0853-1809132732

Okonofua, F. E., Ntoimo, L. F. C., Ayodeji, A. O. O., Olafusi, C., Unuabonah, E., & Ohenhen, V. (2022). Causes and Risk Factors for Male Infertility: A Scoping Review of Published Studies. International Journal of General Medicine, 15, 5985–5997. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S363959

Ramzi, Z. S. (2021). Impact of Serum Prolactin and Testosterone Levels on Male Infertility in Sulaimanyah City. 9(2). https://doi.org/10.33899/mjn.2021.168676

Rayalam, S., Della-Fera, M. A., Krieg, P. A., Cox, C. M., Robins, A., & Baile, C. A. (2008). A putative role for apelin in the etiology of obesity. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 368(3), 815–819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.02.008

Retn, H., & Elisa, R. (n.d.). Human RETN(Resistin) ELISA Kit. 430075, 1–8.

Rostamtabar, M., Esmaeilzadeh, S., Tourani, M., Rahmani, A., Baee, M., Shirafkan, F., Saleki, K., Mirzababayi, S. S., Ebrahimpour, S., & Nouri, H. R. (2021). Pathophysiological roles of chronic low-grade inflammation mediators in polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 236(2), 824–838. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.29912

Samplaski, M. K., Lo, K., Grober, E., & Jarvi, K. (2013). Finasteride use in the male infertility population: Effects on semen and hormone parameters. Fertility and Sterility, 100(6), 1542–1546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.07.2000

Suzuki, K., Simpson, K. A., Minnion, J. S., Shillito, J. C., & Bloom, S. R. (2010). The role of gut hormones and the hypothalamus in appetite regulation. Endocrine Journal, 57(5), 359–372. https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.K10E-077

Turankar, S., Sonone, K., & Turankar, A. (2013). Hyperprolactinaemia and its comparision with hypothyroidism in primary infertile women. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 7(5), 794–796. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2013/4878.2941

Visfatin, H., & Elisa, C. (n.d.). Human Visfatin C termina ELISA Kit. 430075, 1–8.

Walker, W. H. (2011). Testosterone signaling and the regulation of spermatogenesis. Spermatogenesis, 1(2), 116–120. https://doi.org/10.4161/spmg.1.2.16956

Zolotykh, O. S., & Karantysh, G. V. (2022). Violation of the Hormonal Spectrum in Polycystic Ovaries in Combination with Insulin Resistance . What is the Trigger : Insulin Resistance or Polycystic Ovary Disease ? Abstract : 19(March), 990–998.

References

Abdul-razzaq, L. N. (2023). Male Infertility Risk Factors and Potential Causes : A Scoping Review. 1.

Al-bofkane, K. M. K., & Al-bofkane, N. K. (2021). Assessing the Potential of Prolactin Hormonein Chronic Kidney Disease Assessing the Potential of Prolactin Hormonein Chronic Kidney Disease Patients. November.

Alghannam, A. F., Ghaith, M. M., & Alhussain, M. H. (2021). Regulation of energy substrate metabolism in endurance exercise. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094963

Analytics, M., Analytics, F. M., & Number, A. C. (2019). Elecsys Prolactin II. 2–5.

Analytics, M., & Analytics, M. (2018). Elecsys LH. 1–4.

Analytics, M., & Analytics, M. (2019). Elecsys FSH. 4–7.

Apln, H., & Elisa, A. (n.d.). Human APLN(Apelin) ELISA Kit. 430075, 1–8.

Babu, S. R., Sadhnani, M. D., Swarna, M., Padmavathi, P., & Reddy, P. P. (2004). Evaluation of fsh , lh and testosterone levels in different subgroups of infertile males. 19(1), 45–49.

Barberán, A. C., Boel, A., Meerschaut, F. Vanden, Stoop, D., & Heindryckx, B. (2020). Diagnosis and treatment of male infertility-related fertilization failure. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(12), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9123899

Bobjer, J., Katrinaki, M., Dermitzaki, E., Margioris, A. N., Giwercman, A., & Tsatsanis, C. (2018). Serum chemerin levels are negatively associated with male fertility and reproductive hormones. Human Reproduction, 33(12), 2168–2174. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dey310

Chem, H., & Elisa, C. (n.d.). Human CHEM(Chemerin) ELISA Kit. 430075, 1–8.

Cobas 8000. (2020). Elecsys Estradiol III. 1–6.

Corradi, P. F., Corradi, R. B., & Greene, L. W. (2016). Physiology of the Hypothalamic Pituitary Gonadal Axis in the Male. Urologic Clinics of North America, 43(2), 151–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ucl.2016.01.001

Dubois-vedrenne, I., Delbany, D. Al, Henau, O. De, Vernimmen, M., Langa, F., Lefort, A., Libert, F., Wittamer, V., & Parmentier, M. (2021). The antitumoral effects of chemerin are independent from leukocyte recruitment and mediated by inhibition of neoangiogenesis. 12(19), 1903–1919.

Estienne, A., Bongrani, A., Reverchon, M., & Ram, C. (n.d.). Involvement of Novel Adipokines , Chemerin , Visfatin , Resistin and Apelin in Reproductive Functions in Normal and Pathological Conditions in Humans and Animal Models.

Goazigo, A. R. Le, Alvear-Perez, R., Zizzari, P., Epelbaum, J., Bluet-Pajot, M. T., & Llorens-Cortes, C. (2007). Cellular localization of apelin and its receptor in the anterior pituitary: Evidence for a direct stimulatory action of apelin on ACTH release. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism, 292(1), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00521.2005

Johnson, S., Schiffner, J., Freundl, G., Bachmann, N., & Gnoth, C. (2019). Luteinising hormone profiles in conception and non-conception natural cycles. European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care, 24(2), 140–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/13625187.2019.1590697

Kilicdag, E. B., Yavuz, H., Bagis, T., Tarim, E., Erkan, A. N., & Kazanci, F. (2004). Effects of estrogen therapy on hearing in postmenopausal women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 190(1), 77–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2003.06.001

Krishnan, A., & Muthusami, S. (2017). Hormonal alterations in PCOS and its influence on bone metabolism. Journal of Endocrinology, 232(2), R99–R113. https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-16-0405

Lennartsson, A. K., & Jonsdottir, I. H. (2011). Prolactin in response to acute psychosocial stress in healthy men and women. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36(10), 1530–1539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.04.007

Lhomme, T., Clasadonte, J., Imbernon, M., Fernandois, D., Sauve, F., Caron, E., da Silva Lima, N., Heras, V., Martinez-Corral, I., Mueller-Fielitz, H., Rasika, S., Schwaninger, M., Nogueiras, R., & Prevot, V. (2021). Tanycytic networks mediate energy balance by feeding lactate to glucose-insensitive POMC neurons. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 131(18). https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI140521

Mahde, A., Shaker, M., & Al-Mashhadani, Z. (2009). Study of Omentin1 and Other Adipokines and Hormones in PCOS Patients. Oman Medical Journal, 24(2), 108–10818. https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2009.25

Maillard, V., Elis, S., Desmarchais, A., Hivelin, C., Lardic, L., Lomet, D., Uzbekova, S., Monget, P., & Dupont, J. (2017). Visfatin and resistin in gonadotroph cells: Expression, regulation of LH secretion and signalling pathways. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 29(12), 2479–2495. https://doi.org/10.1071/RD16301

Malamitsi-Puchner, A., Briana, D. D., Gourgiotis, D., Boutsikou, M., Baka, S., & Hassiakos, D. (2007). Blood visfatin concentrations in normal full-term pregnancies. Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics, 96(4), 526–529. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00231.x

Mitra, A., Chakraborty, B., Mukhopadhay, D., Pal, M., Mukherjee, S., Banerjee, S., & Chaudhuri, K. (2012). Effect of smoking on semen quality, FSH, testosterone level, and CAG repeat length in androgen receptor gene of infertile men in an Indian city. Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 58(5), 255–262. https://doi.org/10.3109/19396368.2012.684195

Murgia, F., Corda, V., Serrenti, M., Usai, V., Santoru, M. L., Hurt, K. J., Passaretti, M., Monni, M. C., Atzori, L., & Monni, G. (2020). Seminal fluid metabolomic markers of oligozoospermic infertility in humans. Metabolites, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo10020064

Mustafa, M., Hadi, J., Sharifa, A., IIIzam, E., & Aliya, S. (2019). Male and Female Infertility: Causes, And Management. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS) e-ISSN, 18(9), 27–32. https://doi.org/10.9790/0853-1809132732

Okonofua, F. E., Ntoimo, L. F. C., Ayodeji, A. O. O., Olafusi, C., Unuabonah, E., & Ohenhen, V. (2022). Causes and Risk Factors for Male Infertility: A Scoping Review of Published Studies. International Journal of General Medicine, 15, 5985–5997. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S363959

Ramzi, Z. S. (2021). Impact of Serum Prolactin and Testosterone Levels on Male Infertility in Sulaimanyah City. 9(2). https://doi.org/10.33899/mjn.2021.168676

Rayalam, S., Della-Fera, M. A., Krieg, P. A., Cox, C. M., Robins, A., & Baile, C. A. (2008). A putative role for apelin in the etiology of obesity. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 368(3), 815–819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.02.008

Retn, H., & Elisa, R. (n.d.). Human RETN(Resistin) ELISA Kit. 430075, 1–8.

Rostamtabar, M., Esmaeilzadeh, S., Tourani, M., Rahmani, A., Baee, M., Shirafkan, F., Saleki, K., Mirzababayi, S. S., Ebrahimpour, S., & Nouri, H. R. (2021). Pathophysiological roles of chronic low-grade inflammation mediators in polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 236(2), 824–838. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.29912

Samplaski, M. K., Lo, K., Grober, E., & Jarvi, K. (2013). Finasteride use in the male infertility population: Effects on semen and hormone parameters. Fertility and Sterility, 100(6), 1542–1546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.07.2000

Suzuki, K., Simpson, K. A., Minnion, J. S., Shillito, J. C., & Bloom, S. R. (2010). The role of gut hormones and the hypothalamus in appetite regulation. Endocrine Journal, 57(5), 359–372. https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.K10E-077

Turankar, S., Sonone, K., & Turankar, A. (2013). Hyperprolactinaemia and its comparision with hypothyroidism in primary infertile women. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 7(5), 794–796. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2013/4878.2941

Visfatin, H., & Elisa, C. (n.d.). Human Visfatin C termina ELISA Kit. 430075, 1–8.

Walker, W. H. (2011). Testosterone signaling and the regulation of spermatogenesis. Spermatogenesis, 1(2), 116–120. https://doi.org/10.4161/spmg.1.2.16956

Zolotykh, O. S., & Karantysh, G. V. (2022). Violation of the Hormonal Spectrum in Polycystic Ovaries in Combination with Insulin Resistance . What is the Trigger : Insulin Resistance or Polycystic Ovary Disease ? Abstract : 19(March), 990–998.

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Published

2023-12-03

How to Cite

Mohammed Shahadha, K., Ahmed Al-Bajari, S. ., & Tahir Maher , F. . (2023). Insights into Male Infertility: A Clinical Examination of Hormonal and Adipokine Profiles in Mosul. Journal of Wildlife and Biodiversity, 7(Special Issue), 478–498. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10251849