Journal of Wildlife and Biodiversity

Spatial risk assessment and hotspot mapping of free-roaming dog bites in Tehran, Iran: A public health perspective

Behzad Zadhoush — 2025-02-04

free-roaming dogs pose significant public health and ecological challenges in urban and rural landscapes, particularly in developing countries. In Tehran Province, Iran, the increasing frequency of free-roaming dog bites and their role as potential reservoirs for zoonotic diseases underscore the need for spatially explicit risk assessment. This study utilized the MaxEnt model to predict the spatial distribution of free-roaming dogs and identify high-risk areas for dog bites based on environmental and climatic variables. A dataset of 3,630 free-roaming dog bite incidents recorded for Tehran Province in 2023 was analyzed alongside 13 environmental and 6 climatic predictors. The model demonstrated high predictive accuracy (AUC = 0.934 for training, AUC = 0.931 for testing). Results highlighted distance to roads (74%) and distance to parks (12.1%) as the most influential factors, while climatic variables played a secondary role. The spatial analysis revealed that high-risk areas are concentrated in the north (Districts 1 and 2), southern and eastern outskirts of Tehran City (e.g., Districts 15, 16, 19, and 20) and suburban counties such as Qarchak, Varamin, and Pakdasht. Further hotspot analysis (Getis-Ord Gi) and LISA clustering confirmed significant spatial autocorrelation (Moran’s I = 0.7; p-value ≤ 0.05) and identified critical clusters for intervention. These findings provide valuable insights into the spatial dynamics of free-roaming dog bites, enabling policymakers to prioritize high-risk areas for population control measures, public awareness, and waste management improvements. Integrating these results into urban planning frameworks can mitigate public health risks, reduce human-dog conflicts, and promote sustainable free-roaming dog management strategies.

Dominant diameter growth model and Site Index Curves for certified Acacia forests in Thua Thien Hue province, Vietnam

Ho Thanh Ha — 2025-02-27

Site quality evaluation is considered an important aspect of forest management whereby forest managers can assess potential forest stand timber production for a particular species or forest type. The dominant diameter growth models and site index curves were developed to assess site quality of certified Acacia forests in Thua Thien Hue province, Vietnam. In this study, the correlation between dominant diameter (Dgo) and diameter at breast height (DBH) was selected from four common correlation function forms: linear, power, exponential, and parabolic function. In addition, Schumacher and Korf growth functions were used to select and develop the most suitable site index curves. to evaluate the developed models, the coefficient of determination (R^2) and root mean square error (RMSE) were used as statistical criteria. The study investigated 50 sample plots of certified acacia forests from age 2 to age 10 in Thua Thien Hue to develop the models and other 20 sample plots were used to evaluate the developed models. The results showed that the dominant diameter had the best correlation with diameter at breast height in the form of logarithmic function(Dgo = 8.8446*ln(DBH) – 7.0985). Meanwhile, the Schumacher function with equation Dgo = 24.366 . e^(-4.193/A^1.2) is the best describes the relationship between dominant diameter and forest age. Certified Acacia plantations forest in Thua Thien Hue province can be divided into three soil classes based on the diameter of dominant trees at age 5. The site index (according to dominant diameter) for good soil class (I), average soil class (II), and poor soil class (III) at age 5 are 14 cm, 12 cm, and 10 cm, respectively.

Temporal changes in diversity and abundance of wintering birds in the Gavkhuni international wetland, Isfahan Province, Iran

Maryam Mostajeran — 2025-02-15

Wetlands serve as critical habitats for migratory birds, providing vital resources for foraging, resting, and breeding. This study assessed the diversity and abundance of wintering aquatic and wader birds in the Zayandeh-Rud–Gavkhuni basin over five years (2020–2024). A total of 12,219 individuals from 57 species and 17 families were recorded. The Anatidae family, particularly Anas platyrhynchos, dominated the counts, reflecting its reliance on shallow foraging habitats. Biodiversity indices highlighted significant temporal variations. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') and Simpson diversity index (λ) revealed the highest diversity levels in 2023 (H' = 3.248; λ = 0.953) and 2024, alongside a consistently increasing trend in species evenness, culminating in a Pielou evenness index of 0.946 in 2024. Despite these positive trends, the findings also exposed ecological vulnerabilities. Species like Phoenicopterus roseus have shown significant decline due to habitat degradation, reduced water inflow, and declining populations of Artemia-their main food source. These are attributed to the changed hydrological regime of the Zayandeh-Rud Dam and the prolonged drought conditions which have reduced wetland water levels and quality. Comparative analysis with previous studies reflected the resilience of Gavkhuni Wetland, with a higher species diversity and abundance than during the previous periods of droughts; however, annual fluctuations in the bird population varied between 352 individuals in 2023 and 6,367 in 2022, which reflected the sensitivity of this wetland to environmental stressors. This study emphasizes the importance of biodiversity monitoring as a tool for understanding ecological dynamics and informing conservation strategies. Reducing human-induced pressures and maintaining environmental flows would allow the wetland to continue as an important refuge for migratory avian species, thus supporting regional and global biodiversity conservation efforts.

Connectivity and genetic diversity of wintering Common Pochards (Aythya ferina; Linnaeus, 1758) in Iran

Shabnam Chavoshi — 2025-02-16

Genetic studies provide the cornerstone for understanding the genetic adaptations and population dynamics of the common pochard (Aythya ferina) and, consequently, for designing effective conservation strategies to ensure its long-term survival. This study investigated the genetic diversity of the common pochard in Iran using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences (cytb and D-loop) from two wintering sites: the southern Caspian Sea and the Hor al-Azim wetland. Analysis of 30 D-loop sequences revealed 6 distinct haplotypes, with 5 found in Iran and 1 from China. Analysis of 30 cytb sequences identified 3 haplotypes, with 2 found in northern Iran and 1 shared by southern Iran and other regions. Low genetic diversity was observed within the Iranian population, with an average haplotype diversity of 0.109 for both genes. Tajima's D and Fu's FS tests did not show significant deviations from neutrality, suggesting past population expansion. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Iranian pochards are closely related to populations from Europe and East Asia, indicating that these regions contribute to the Iranian wintering population. The low genetic distance and high gene flow observed among the studied samples, while indicative of connectivity between populations, likely reflect the mixing of individuals from diverse breeding origins rather than active gene exchange within the Iranian wintering sites, given the limited evidence of breeding in Iran. These findings highlight the importance of conserving Iran's wetlands as habitats for the common pochard, alongside preventing illegal hunting, to maintain connectivity among populations and ensure the conservation of gene flow and genetic diversity for the long-term survival of this species.

Assessing biodiversity and floristic composition of tree species in Okomu forest reserve, Edo State, Nigeria

Humphrey Igbinosa Aigbe — 2025-02-26

The loss of tree species due to human activities has been on the rise in recent times. This study employed a systematic sampling technique to assess tree species diversity and floral composition in the Okomu Forest Reserve, Edo State, Nigeria. Four-line strips, each 2 km long and 2 m wide, were established at 1 km intervals for this study. A skilled tree taxonomist carefully measured and identified trees with a DBH of 10 cm or greater. Subsequently, the gathered data were utilised to calculate the diversity of tree species and tree composition. The study identified 60 tree species, distributed across 31 families and 56 genera in the study area. Cleistopholis patens, Ceiba petandra, Terminalia ivorensis, and Diospyros insculpta were found to have the highest individual populations of not less than 15 trees per hectare. However, some trees were represented by only one tree per hectare, which is a concern as they are threatened. The three most dominant families were Leguminosae, Annonaceae, and Apocynaceae, comprising six tree species. The Important Value Index (IVI) of 11.15 and 10.05 for Terminalia ivorensis and Ceiba petandra, respectively, show that these two species are more prominent in the reserve.

The role of forensic DNA experts and Artificial Intelligence in enhancing the effectiveness of wildlife crime investigations in Cyprus

Ahmed Ali — 2025-02-26

The increasing prevalence of wildlife crimes globally and in Cyprus presents an urgent need for more effective investigation methods. This study explores the factors that influence the effectiveness of wildlife crime investigations, focusing on the role of forensic DNA experts, different forensic methods, inter-agency relationships, and the incorporation of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based tools. Employing a quantitative approach and a sample of 560 respondents, the study finds that all the posited variables involvement of forensic DNA experts, types of forensic methods used, organizational and operational relationships, and AI-based forensic tools significantly influence the outcome of investigations. Forensic DNA experts and AI-based forensic tools are key contributors to investigation success. These findings show that forensic DNA experts (β = 0.60), modern forensic methods (β = 0.30), inter-agency relationships (β = 0.20), and AI-based tools (β = 0.40) significantly enhance wildlife crime investigations, highlighting the need for specialized training, advanced forensic techniques, and AI integration. The study fills an existing gap in research by focusing on Cyprus, an area underrepresented in previous studies. It also introduces AI-based tools such as machine learning algorithms for pattern recognition, automated DNA analysis, facial and species recognition software, and predictive analytics as a novel factor in enhancing the effectiveness of wildlife crime investigations.

Forest fires as a factor in the spread of alien plant species in protected areas

Irina G. Esina — 2025-05-26

In the context of contemporary climate and weather changes, protected areas are increasingly vulnerable to catastrophic wildfires. This study examines the impact of the 2010 and 2021 fires on the spread of alien vascular plant species within the Mordovia State Nature Reserve. Floristic research has revealed a consistent annual increase in both the number of species and occurrences of alien vascular plants in pyrogenic communities, with notable colonization by invasive species such as Juncus tenuis, Epilobium pseudorubescens, Erigeron canadensis, Erigeron strigosus, Bidens frondosa, and Solidago canadensis. Over the period from 2011 to 2024, the dispersal of alien vascular plants has been observed not only in pyrogenic communities but also along roadsides within the not-unburned forested areas of the reserve. This spread has been facilitated by post-fire management activities, including fire suppression, vehicle patrolling of the protected area, clearing and plowing of firebreaks and service roads, and the creation of mineralized strips using a disc harrow. It is recommended to revert to using a plow for firebreak construction and the establishment of mineralized strips within the protected area. In the future, further colonization of pyrogenic communities of the Mordovia State Nature Reserve by invasive species such as Amelanchier spicata (Lam.) K.Koch, Acer negundo L., and Sorbaronia × fallax (C.K.Schneid.) C.K. Schneid. from adjacent areas is anticipated.

The impact of education on borderless conservation: A case study of a seminar on capacity-building for officials from parties implementing CITES in China

Seyed Mehdi Mostafavi — 2025-04-18

Abstract
The concept of borderless conservation emphasizes the necessity for international collaboration aimed at safeguarding biodiversity and natural resources. The illegal trade of wildlife across borders significantly contributes to the extinction of various species. Proper enforcement of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) has the potential to be instrumental in curtailing this detrimental trend. Education and capacity-building initiatives are essential components in the protection of biodiversity and natural resources, necessitating international dialogue and information sharing. This study assesses the effects of a seminar aimed at building the capacities of CITES scientific officials in China, with participants from nine developing nations. The seminar included diverse topics such as the regulation of endangered plant trade, the protection of aquatic wildlife, and strategies for combating illegal wildlife trafficking. Methodologically, a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches was employed, utilizing surveys and interviews to evaluate participant awareness before and after the seminar. Findings indicate the effectiveness of seminars in fostering collaboration and enhancing expert capabilities, demonstrating that all offered courses had a substantial positive impact on the participants. This study’s outcomes provide a foundation for refining future CITES training initiatives to maximize their effectiveness.

Monitoring of Oak decline phenomenon and their impact on biomass and leaf area in the forest stand, Yasouj

Yousef Askari — 2025-04-20

Monitoring forest stands can provide valuable information to forest managers. This study shows the phenomenon of Persian oak decline in a 1-hectare plot. The study was performed over four years, and it was used to see the changes in leaf dieback, with all of the trees, a total of a hundred trees, were analyzed. Trees were classified into four dieback categories: healthy trees, trees with crown dieback, trees with less than 50% crown dieback, and trees and trees that had more than 50% crown dieback. Trees that had the dieback. Also, leaf area was monitored. In the first year of the study, 65% of trees experienced crown dieback. There was a change in dieback, and after a year, 10 to 25% more trees had crown dieback. Over time, it reached about 80%. According to the research, the leaf area decreases from the healthy category to the completely dead one. It turns out the average leaf area in high forest trees was higher than in coppice trees. The study of leaf area also showed a strong correlation between the crown dieback and leaf size. The study also found that the trees with a crown dieback of over 50%, had consistently smaller leaves than healthy trees.

Assessment of Metal’s Concentration in White-Breasted Waterhen (Amaurornis phoenicurus) from Phool Nagar and Baghiana Kalan, District Kasur, Pakistan

Mobeen Zulfiqar — 2025-05-26

The White-breasted Waterhen (Amaurornis phoenicurus) is a member of the rallidae family. The overhunting of local communities and anthropogenic contamination of aquatic ecosystems pose a growing threat to this water bird. This study was carried out at two sites with the goal of determining how metals affect White-breasted Waterhens. One site was a pond in the Phool Nagar village of Lamby Jageer, which is a natural site (site 1). The second site was a contaminated site that was obtained from Rohi Nala Baghiana Kalan (site 2). Birds from these sites were collected, slaughtered, and organs such as breast and thigh muscles, liver, heart, feathers, skin, gizzard, were separated. Waste samples were also collected from the intestine. Samples were prepared by chemical digestion and analyzed with atomic absorption spectroscopy to see the concentrations of sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and chromium (Cr). Results indicated higher concentrations of essential metals such as Na, Ca, and Fe, with lower levels of Zn and K. Notably, non-essential heavy metals like Hg and Cr were not found at any site, whereas site 2 that was contaminated site only showed Cd and Pb in birds. The study concludes that the White-breasted Waterhen has potential importance for conservation as it is a source of halal meat and essential metals. However, the detection of non-essential metals highlights the adverse effects of environmental pollution on these birds.

First evidence of the genetic structure of Neurergus strauchii munzurensis

Emin Bozkurt — 2025-04-28

Until 2016, two subspecies of Neurergus strauchii were identified; at this time, one more subspecies was described from Tunceli as N. s. munzurensis. However, this study mainly focused on morphological characters. We aim to test of Neurergus species, including N. s. munzurensis taxa by phylogenetic analysis, using partial base sequences of 12S rRNA and D-loop genes. For this purpose, we reconstructed Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood trees with other Neurergus samples. According to the results, phylogenetic tree topologies demonstrate that N. crocatus was separated from the N. strauchii-N. barani lineage and the N. strauchii group have shown monophyly. Also, N. s. munzurensis showed higher genetic distances with N. barani (1.1%) and N. s. strauchii (0.8%) while genetic distances were only determined as 0.5% within N. barani and N. s. strauchii. N. s. munzurensis was found to be a genetically distinct taxon, following its previous morphological description. This study obtained the first evidence on better explaining the taxonomic status of N. s. munzurensis.

Soil organic matter and carbonates facing radioactive metal pollution

Amira Kessab — 2025-04-04

Pollution from uranium, thorium, and radium poses significant environmental and public health risks. This study examines two regions with distinct soil types: carbonated and marshy soils. Soil samples were selected based on carbonate (28.83% and 9.79%) and organic matter content (22.6% and 1.8%). The research aims to evaluate the role of carbonates and organic matter in retaining radioactive elements and to identify which metal (thorium, uranium, or radium) is most retained. The methodology included physicochemical soil analysis and sorption experiments, varying pH and organic carbon (humic acid and biochar). Results show that thorium has the highest adsorption affinity due to the stability of its solid compounds. Uranium and radium exhibited lower retention, with behavior varying by soil type. The study also compared recalcitrant and active organic matter, revealing that both carbonates and organic matter significantly enhance soil depollution. However, acidic organic materials, unlike basic ones, do not improve metal retention. Instead, they promote metal breakdown, increasing bioavailability and plant uptake. These findings suggest that biochar application could effectively remediate soils contaminated with radioactive elements, offering a sustainable agricultural solution. This approach reduces pollution while improving soil health and crop safety.

Assessing the rearing performance of Bombyx mori (Linnaeus, 1758) on two different mulberry species

Iqra Ehsaan — 2025-04-29

The quality and quantity of silk produced are influenced by the types of mulberry leaves fed to the silkworms. The experiment was conducted at the Sericulture Unit, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Ravi Campus during February-March 2024. A randomized block design was used in three treatment groups. The data was collected on various growth parameters, developmental stages, survival rate, and cocoon weight. The main objective of the current research was to compare the rearing performance of silkworms (Bombyx mori) fed with Morus alba and Morus nigra under semi-controlled environmental conditions. Proximate analysis of mulberry leaves revealed that M. nigra have the highest crude protein (19.44 ± 0.24), gross energy (18.12 ± 0.09) and crude fat (7.16 ± 0.09) contents. The results revealed that the growth rate of silkworms was highest in the group fed with black mulberry (M. nigra) showing significantly higher weight and length at each instar as compared to those fed on white mulberry (M. alba) and mixed mulberry leaves. The survival rate of silkworms (Bombyx mori) during the experimental period varied among the different treatment groups. M. nigra fed silkworms showed the highest survival rate followed by mixed and M. alba fed group. The results showed that the heaviest cocoon was produced from the silkworms that were fed with M. nigra leaves (2.40 ± 0.14 g, p < 0.0001) and the lightest cocoon was produced with M. alba leaves (1.74 ± 0.11 g). The present study concluded that M. nigra has better nutritional profile, growth performance and cocoon production as compared to M. alba. It is recommended that, further studies should also explore the long term effectiveness of using M. nigra in sericulture including its economic viability and potential for large scale cultivation. Investigations into other mulberry species and their combinations should also be explored to provide valuable insights into improving silk production.

Exploring Seasonal Behavior, Metal Exposure, and Reproductive Dynamics in Captive Vultures

Syeda Urooj Fatima Bukhari — 2025-05-26

Vultures are scavengers that play a crucial role in maintaining ecosystem stability, making their conservation essential. The decline of vulture populations in South Asia, including southwest Asia, began in the 1990s due to the widespread use of the veterinary drug diclofenac, with populations plummeting by the early 2000s. To restore critically endangered White-rumped Vultures (Gyps bengalensis) in the ecosystem, the Punjab Wildlife Department, in collaboration with WWF, has established the Changa Manga Vulture Conservatory in Punjab, Pakistan. The White-rumped Vultures (Gyps bengalensis) are kept in captivity for breeding and conservation efforts. To investigate the presence of heavy metals in captive vultures, a non-invasive method was employed to collect meat, water, fecal and feather samples. The behavior of vultures within the captive environment was also observed. The samples were washed, properly labelled and underwent chemical digestion using aqua regia, followed by analysis through PerkinElmer AAnalyst 200 Atomic Absorption Spectrometer and examined the quantity of 12 specific metals: (Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, Al, As, Mg, Mn, Fe, K, Na and Zn). The metals were further categorized as heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Al, and As) and essentials metals (Cu, Mg, Mn, Fe, K, Na and Zn). The study aimed to find the metals exposure and its accumulation in captive vultures. Samples of meat, feathers, and feces revealed seasonal variations in metal concentrations. Notably, elements like Al, As, and Pb showed higher levels in winter compared to summer. In behavior vultures displayed signs of fear and alarm when humans approached within 10 feet, likely due to the confined environment and lack of social interaction, which are crucial for vultures in the wild. The seasonal behavioral patterns of vultures revealing distinct shifts between summer and winter. In winter, breeding activities like nest building and mating become prominent, along with increased aggression due to territorial instincts. In contrast, summer was characterized by decreased feeding and a preference for walking behavior. These findings raise concerns about the potential impact of captivity on vulture behavior and physiology, suggesting that captive environments might not fully meet the birds' ecological and social needs. Moreover, reproductive dynamics of vultures from 2 to 36 showed success of this rehabilitation center. It was also concluded that further research is required to emphasize the importance of exploring ambient air and to find sources of contamination other than meat and water. Moreover, further research will be required to prioritize vulture well-being and population sustainability.

Uncovering the presence and conservation needs of the elusive red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) in Namdapha National Park, Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India

Tajum Yomcha — 2025-05-06

The red panda, or lesser panda (Ailurus fulgens), is an endangered species recognized as one of the world's flagship species. A scientific survey was conducted from July 2018 to December 2022, utilizing the camera trap technique in high-altitude, unexplored areas of Namdapha National Park in Eastern Arunachal Pradesh, India. Historically, Namdapha lies within the eastern limit of the red panda’s natural range in India. The species is known to inhabit temperate forests with bamboo understory conditions that exist in parts of Namdapha at elevations around 2,000–4,000 meters. Earlier records (1980s–1990s) from the Zemithang, Dapha Bum, and Deban areas suggested a possible presence, but confirmation was sparse due to remoteness and limited survey effort. The study confirmed the presence of red pandas in the park. The park's Daphabum Forest Range, which includes the East Himalayan moist temperate forest, recorded seven sightings of red pandas in three camera traps installed above 3000 meters above sea level. The predominance of sightings during daylight hours indicates the species exhibits primarily diurnal activity patterns. Fewer anthropogenic disturbances, such as evidence of hunting and medicinal plant collection, were observed in the red panda's habitat within the park. The distribution and population status of red pandas in the park may thus be thoroughly investigated in the future to prepare a conservation and population management action plan for the species based on the present study. A conservation action plan for the red panda in Namdapha National Park requires an integrated approach that combines scientific research, community engagement, habitat protection, and policy support.

Taxonomic spectrum of birds, settlement character, and assessment of collision risk with aircraft during the breeding season at Heydar Aliyev International Airport

Gadirzade Firuza — 2025-05-26

Between 2022 and 2024, 26 bird species belonging to 8 orders, 18 families, and 14 genera that pose a threat to aircraft during the breeding season were identified at Heydar Aliyev International Airport. Based on their settlement characteristics within the airport area, 15 species from 4 orders, 10 families, and 13 genera were classified as resident populations, while 11 species from 4 orders, 8 families, and 11 genera were classified as migratory-nesting populations. The probability of bird-aircraft collisions was assessed: 5 species scored between 0-20 points, 8 species between 20-40 points, 1 species between 40-60 points, 4 species between 60-80 points, and 8 species between 80-100 points.

Phytocenology of the species Satureja macrantha C.A. Mey. and Satureja laxiflora C. Koch, belonging to the Genus Satureja L. in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic

Shafiqa Suleymanova — 2025-05-26

Savory (Satureja L.) is widespread in the plains, foothills, low mountains, and other areas of the Nakhchivan MP, as well as in the lower, middle, and partially upper mountain belts. Three species of Savory (Satureja L.) have been identified, the distribution of which in the territory has been established: Satureja macrantha C.A. Mey., Satureja laxiflora C. Koch, and Satureja hortensis L. All these plants are valuable, essential plants. The phytocenological characteristics of Savory plants were studied using geobotanical methods. In the Ordubad Julfa, Babek, Sadarak, and Kengerli districts, geobotanical indicators and natural resources were calculated using experimental methods.

The Role of business in achieving biodiversity targets: challenges and opportunities

Tavan Bajger — 2025-05-26

Businesses are an important part of the solution to the problem of biodiversity loss. Despite this, linking biodiversity conservation with strategy is often held back by two apparent barriers, which are financial, regulatory, and operational. This study analyzes the role of businesses in meeting biodiversity targets and identifies major obstacles that prevent them from evolving and strengthening their biodiversity initiatives. A qualitative and quantitative study approach is used. Stakeholders from different industries were surveyed and interviewed, and experts were consulted to collect primary data. The impacts of biodiversity initiatives were assessed through case studies in agriculture, manufacturing, retail, and other sectors. Thematic analysis was used for qualitative data, and statistical methods for survey results. However, sectors such as agriculture and energy were found to be leading in terms of conservation of biodiversity in the study, and sustainable sourcing and waste management techniques were shown to have yielded positive outcomes. On the other hand, retail sector initiatives such as carbon offsetting had negative biodiversity impacts. It showed several barriers that have obstructed the successful implementation of biodiversity practices, including financial constraints, complex regulatory barriers, and a lack of expertise. Barriers to progress must be overcome, and technological innovations must be harnessed to take up sustainable business models that facilitate significant contributions to biodiversity conservation. Biodiversity is protected best when corporations join as partners in multisector collaboration.

Communities structure and relation to water pH of testate amoebae (Amoebozoa, Rhizaria) in reservoirs in Northeastern Bulgaria

Rositsa Davidova — 2025-05-26

The identification of variability in testate amoebae communities and their environmental dependencies makes it possible to clarify many issues related to the changes in natural and artificial ecosystems. The present study covers the benthic testate amoebae fauna of seven reservoirs - Brestovene, Beli Lom, Loznitsa, Kara Michal, Bogdantsi, Isperih and Lipnik. Regression analysis and canonical correspondence analysis were performed to determine differences in testate amoebae communities between reservoirs. The obtained results show that in Bogdantsi reservoir only two genera - Centropyxis and Difflugia, dominate, which, together with the established extremely low taxonomic diversity and abundance of testate amoebae, is an indication of the presence of strong eutrophication and unsuitable conditions in it. In the Loznitsa and Beli Lom reservoirs dominance is distributed among a large number of genera, a significantly larger number of species and individuals are found, which indicates the presence of a sustainable and suitable environment for development of testate amoebae. Our CCA results suggest that species distribution differs along the pH gradient. The species Centropyxis aerophila, C. aerophila v. sphagnicola, Difflugia pristis and Schonbornia viscicula have a very positive correlation with pH, while Cyclopyxis ambigua, Difflugia minuta and D. elegans have a negative correlation with pH.

Assessment of fruit damage caused by Small Kashmir Flying Squirrel (Hylopetesfimbriatus; Gray, 1837) in district Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan

Nousheen Irshad — 2025-05-26

The Small Kashmir Flying Squirrel (Hylopetesfimbriatus) is a frugivorous rodent that consumes various fruits and causes economic loss to farmers and gardeners. The current study aimed at assessing the fruit damage caused by flying squirrel in district Bagh, Azad Kashmir (from December 2020 to December 2021). The data was collected from the direct field observations by recording the numbers of affected trees (wild and planted) in an area of 300 km². In addition, fecal pellets (n=100) and stomach contents (n=32) of the species were collected from study sitesto investigate the feeding habits of the species. The results of direct observations showed that the Small Kashmir Flying Squirrel consumed fifteen different plant species (cultivated= and wild=).The seasonal data revealed that maximum fruits were damaged during summer (44.85 %), followed by winter (31.38%), fall (37.53%) and spring (83.21%), by the squirrel species.The stomach samples analyzed revealed that this rodent species consumed Pinuswallichiana (36%)in spring, Pyruspashia (50%) in winter, Juglansregia (45%) in summer andMaluspumila (57%) in fall season.The fecal analysisalso confirmed similar fruit consumption as presence of parts of differentfruits were recovered. It is worth mentioning that a total N = 193 squirrels were killed by local community due to human-squirrel conflict, for fruit damage during one year. Despite of the protective status, “Near threatened”, the species is being killed brutally and massively by the natives .The area needs to be further explored to estimate population dynamics and feeding habits of the species so that the management program can be implemented.

Population density dynamics and habitat vegetation composition of the Great Coucal (Centropus sinensis) in the vicinity of the Cholistan Desert

Atif Ali — 2025-05-26

Growing habitat fragmentation, agricultural development, urbanization, and other environmental factors are posing major threats to the habitat and population density. This study examined the population dynamics of the Great Coucal (Centropus sinensis) in southern Punjab, Pakistan, from 2022 to 2024, across nine sites, assessing spatial, temporal, and seasonal variations. Results showed significant fluctuations, with peak densities in natural vegetation and farmlands during warmer months (April–June), reaching 45.67 ± 1.53 individuals/km² in June at Site 4. Conversely, the lowest densities occurred in semi-arid and urban areas during winter, dropping to 9.33 ± 7.02 individuals/km². A consistent population decline was observed from 2022 to 2024, particularly in semi-arid irrigated croplands (15.00 ± 7.89 individuals/km² in 2024). A temporary increase in 2022 was linked to reduced human activity during COVID-19 lockdowns, underscoring the species' sensitivity to anthropogenic pressures. Vegetation analysis highlighted Zizyphus nummularia, Mangifera indica, and Saccharum officinarum as dominant flora, providing essential resources. The study identifies habitat degradation, seasonal resource variability, and human activities as key drivers of population decline. Conservation strategies, including habitat restoration, sustainable land-use practices, and reduced anthropogenic disturbances, are urgently needed. Further research on environmental drivers and reproductive ecology is recommended to inform effective conservation planning for the Great Coucal in southern Punjab.

Isolation and identification of bacterial pathogens causing infections in Bombyx mori

Naseem Akhter — 2025-05-26

The present research was conducted at the sericulture unit, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan to assess the influence of different mulberry species viz., Morus alba, Morus nigra and mixed mulberry leaves diet on the health and disease susceptibility to Bombyx mori. The silkworms were reared under semi-controlled conditions and optimum temperature (25-28°C) and humidity (70-80%) was maintained during experimental period. The proximate analysis of the mulberry leaves showed significant nutritional variations and higher crude protein was reported in Morus nigra as compared to Morus alba and mixed leaves. The isolation of bacteria from diseased silkworms revealed 157 distinct colonies from different sources. The highest number of colonies was observed in samples taken from the gut (62 colonies), followed by the whole body (53 colonies) and the outer body surface (42 colonies). The Pearson’s correlation analysis (Pearson’s r = 0.87, p < 0.001) revealed a strong association between the severity of disease symptoms and bacterial load especially in the gut-derived samples. Preliminary identification based on colony morphology, growth characteristics and simple biochemical tests suggested the presence of multiple bacterial species including potential pathogens such as Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli and possibly Bacillus spp. These findings suggested that diet significantly affects silkworm’s overall health and disease susceptibility as black mulberry leaves possibly offering benefits in terms of bacterial resistance. Recommendations include adopting mixed mulberry leaves diets and enhancing sanitary measures to improve overall health and productivity in sericulture.

Selection of sources with superior agronomic traits from F3 hybrid generation soybean genotypes

Ilkham Kurbanbaev — 2025-05-26

This study investigated the selection of promising lines with valuable agronomic traits from F3 hybrid generation plants of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Eight different hybrid combinations were evaluated based on morphological and yield-related traits. According to the results, the ♀Ehtiyoj × Nena♂ combination showed the highest performance in terms of number of pods (183.5 ± 13.01), number of seeds (370.3 ± 35.76), and seed weight (61.81 ± 4.99 g). Additionally, the “Tezpishar” line derived from the Sochilmas × Genetik-1 hybrid was notable for maturing within 70 days, which is significant for the development of early-maturing varieties. The results are consistent with data reported in international literature and confirm the potential for developing high-yielding and climate-adapted new cultivars under the conditions of Uzbekistan. The selected lines are recommended as promising genetic material for further improvement to cultivar level and enrichment through molecular breeding techniques.

Monitoring of Aflatoxins in Captive Avifauna Feed in Summer and Monsoon Seasons

Muneeba Younis — 2025-05-26

Aflatoxins are the most common types of mycotoxins that are further categorized as AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2. They are toxic metabolites and produced by fungi, mostly Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. In the present research aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 were monitored in the feed of captive birds. A total of 40 feed samples were collected in summer and monsoon season from Lahore Zoo from cages of ten bird species such as Ostrich (Struthio camelus), Black Swans (Cygnu satratus), Green pheasant (Phasianus versicolor), Silver Pheasant (Lophurany cthemera), Crane Bird (Grus virgo), Chukar (Alectoris chukar), Red-Wattled Lapwing (Vanellus indicus), Finches (Fringillidae), Alaxandrine parakeet (Psitta culaeupatria), and Tukey Bird (Meleagris). The Thin Liquid Chromatography (TLC) method was used to detect and estimate the level of aflatoxins. Upon quantification out of 40 samples 21 were contaminated and of them 17 were within permissible range while 4 were contaminated beyond the permissible range. The tolerant range of limit of aflatoxins in avifauna feed on daily basis was 10 µg/kg according to EU (2010). AFB1 was detected in 21 samples whereas B2, G1 and G2 were not detected in any sample. The overall percentage of contaminated feed samples was less in summer (35%) as compared to monsoon season (65%). Statistical analysis such as independent sample t test was done by using SPSS version 22 and significant differences (<0.05) were noticed in aflatoxins levels in summer and monsoon season. However, there were non-significant differences that were noticed among the feed samples of different birds by ANOVA. It was concluded that the storage condition of feed samples was found better in Lahore Zoo. However, in the monsoon season there is need of special care by feed regulating authorities of the Zoo so that spread of aflatoxins can be reduced.

Application of pitfall traps for studying the terrestrial mollusk fauna (Mollusca: Gastropoda)

Alexander B. Ruchin — 2025-05-26

Various methods are employed to survey the terrestrial mollusk fauna. One of the commonly used collection techniques involves pitfall traps, which are often equipped with specialized baits. In this study, we present the results of using pitfall traps without bait to investigate the Gastropoda fauna. The research was conducted between 2022 and 2024, covering a total of 150 pitfall trap lines across eight regions of European Russia. The total processed material comprised 508 specimens representing 22 species. The most abundant mollusks in the traps were slugs from the families Arionidae and Agriolimacidae, accounting for 67% of the collected specimens. Among them, Arion fuscus made up 39%, Arion fasciatus – 9%, Deroceras sp. – 8%, Deroceras agreste – 4%, and Deroceras leave – 3%. Additionally, Fruticicola fruticum, a common inhabitant of moist environments, and the hygrophilous species Pseudotrichia rubiginosa were relatively frequent, constituting 5% of the total sample. All mollusk species collected during the study period are typical for the European part of Russia. The invertebrates captured using pitfall traps can serve as indicators of the investigated habitats in these regions.

Impact of rhizobacteria (Bacillus subtilis RT-3, Bacillus subtilis RT-6) and Entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema feltiae) on soil agrochemical and biological properties in potato cultivation

Nigora Tillyakhodjayeva — 2025-05-26

The article presents data on the study of the effect of effective potato rhizobacteria with biofungicidal properties of Bacillus subtilis RT-3 and Bacillus subtilis RT-6 and entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema filtiae on the background of the use of mineral fertilizers (NP) on microflora, agrochemical composition of soils, and nematode content in potato cultivation. As a result of their application at the beginning of the growing season, before sowing potatoes and by the end of the growing season, positive results were obtained on changing the microbiological, agrochemical, and entomological composition of soils and increasing the number of tubers by 5 pieces on average per 1 plant.

Evaluation of salt tolerance in local varieties and foreign collection samples of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Zevar Tolibova — 2025-05-26

In this research, 20 samples, including local chickpea varieties and foreign accessions, were subjected to control treatment (distilled water) and varying concentrations of Na₂SO₄ (0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%) under thermostat conditions to assess their salinity tolerance. The results showed that plant growth, particularly the seedling development during germination, is highly sensitive to salt stress. According to the analysis, several local varieties—Guliston, Lazzat, and Iftikhor—as well as foreign accessions—SSA-2, SSA-10, SSA-11, SSA-12, SSA-16, SSA-18, SSA-19, SSA-34, SSA-35, and SSA-36—were identified as salt-tolerant. In Na₂SO₄ solutions with concentrations of 1% and 1.5%, significant reductions in germination rate, stem length, and root length were observed compared to the control and 0.5% salt concentration. In the above-mentioned salt-tolerant samples, the seedling vigour index decreased by 24.85% under low salinity (0.5% Na₂SO₄), by 73.13% under moderate salinity (1% Na₂SO₄), and by 89.82% under high salinity (1.5% Na₂SO₄). These reductions indicate that increasing salt concentrations substantially slow down the growth and development of chickpea plants, even in relatively tolerant genotypes.

Multifactorial ANOVA analysis of genotype and environment effects on morphological and agronomic traits in G. barbadense L. cotton

Jaloliddin Shavkiev — 2025-05-26

This study investigates the influence of genotype and environmental stress (optimal, drought, and salinity conditions) on morphological and agronomic traits in ten fine-fiber cotton genotypes using multifactorial ANOVA. Traits such as plant height, number of fruiting branches, number of opened bolls, total boll number, boll weight, vegetative period, and overall yield were analyzed. Results showed that genotype had no statistically significant effect on most traits (P > 0.05), whereas environmental factors significantly impacted all studied parameters (P < 0.0001 in most cases). Genotypes such as T-2024, Duru-gavhar-4 (T-5560), Angor (T-1981), and T-2090 demonstrated relative stability and adaptability to stress conditions and may be considered valuable in breeding programs for stress-tolerant cotton cultivars.

Contamination of some Vegetables with parasites in Amedi District – Kurdistan Region

Farhad Buzo Mikaeel — 2025-05-26

The current study investigated the presence of parasitic infective stages, such as ova, oocysts, and cysts, in infected raw vegetables in Amedi District. Out of 700 fresh vegetable samples were obtained from various locations, including home gardens, vegetable fields, and local markets. Various types of vegetables were examined, such as Lettuces (127), Cabbage (106), Celery (130), Parsley (165), Carrot (64), and Radish (108). Helminth ova, cysts, and oocysts of different parasites were found in 593 (84.71%) samples. E. granulosus ova were found in 117 (16.71%), followed by E. histolytica cysts in 107 (15.28%), Giardia cysts in 106 (15.14%), Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in 95 (13.57%), Ascaris ova in 71 (10.14%), Hymenolepis nana in 51 (7.28%), and Toxocarra ova in 46 (6.57%). The contamination rates of T. gondii, Hymenolepis nana ova, Toxocarra ova, and E. histolytica cysts were significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared to other helminths and protozoans such as E. granulosus ova, Giardia cyst, and Ascaris ova. In conclusion, eating raw and unwashed vegetables may be contaminated with ova, oocysts, or cysts of parasites, and contamination might be greatly underestimated, particularly in areas with inadequate sanitation. Vegetables can become contaminated with parasites in a variety of ways, such as during production, processing, storage, and sales. Therefore, contamination may be eliminated by implementing sanitary measures at every stage of production and consumption.

Phyto-mycophagous nematodes of Azerbaijan: systematics, biology, and quarantine importance

Gulnara Huseynova — 2025-05-26

This study explores the biological and ecological characteristics of nematodes from the genera Aphelenchus and Aphelenchoides, classified as phyto-myco-phages due to their unique dual-feeding behavior. These organisms can parasitize plant tissues and consume fungal mycelium, showcasing remarkable trophic plasticity that enhances their adaptability to diverse environments, including agricultural fields and natural ecosystems. Aphelenchus avenae, a widespread species, thrives in moist, organic-rich soils. Its morphology is distinct: post-fixation, the body curves into a "J" shape, males have a well-developed copulatory apparatus, and females exhibit a characteristic tail structure. In contrast, Aphelenchoides species display greater diversity, encompassing both free-living forms and plant pathogens like A. besseyi, A. fragariae, and A. ritzemabosi, which cause diseases such as white bloom, leaf spotting, and stunted plant growth. The life cycle of these nematodes includes an egg, four juvenile stages, and an adult phase, completing in 7-10 days under favorable conditions, facilitating rapid population growth. Development occurs in substrates like soil and plant residues or within host plant tissues and fungi, requiring specialized isolation and diagnostic techniques. Population dynamics peak in spring and summer, particularly in moderately humid climates, while activity declines in autumn and winter. Some species form resistant stages (anabiosis or cryptobiosis) to endure unfavorable conditions. Geographically, these nematodes are distributed from subtropical to temperate zones. In Azerbaijan, they are prevalent in plains with high agronomic activity, forest belts, and floodplain areas rich in organic matter and fungal microflora, underscoring their ecological significance and adaptability.

Understanding the impact of climate change on honey bees' distribution in Pakistan: A predictive approach using historical data

Aqsa Saleem — 2025-05-29

This study investigated the potential future distribution of three honey bee species, viz., Apis florea, Apis cerana, and Apis dorsata in Pakistan. The data was collected based on sighting records through field surveys, literature review, and from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Maxent software was used to incorporate GPS coordinates and bioclimatic data to predict the future distribution of the honey bee species in Pakistan. A model habitat suitability based on 19 different bioclimatic variables from WorldClim was used to compare current and projected (2050) climatic scenarios. The results indicated a general warming trend for all three species with expected average annual increases in temperature and precipitation. Apis florea is scheduled to face a 2.5°C rise in the annual mean temperature, while Apis cerana and Apis dorsata will face increases of 2.4°C and 2.3°C, respectively. An increase in precipitation ranging from 50 to 60 mm annually is expected. This expected increase in temperature and precipitation could enhance foraging behaviour during a few months of the year, and the heat stress in warmer months poses a significant challenge to the survival of the honey bee species. Moreover, variations in seasonal patterns, including mild winter and increased humidity, could disrupt honey bees' activity, the colony dynamics, and plants' physiology. These factors require making resilient habitats for honey bees, and this can be done by planting resilient plants and maintaining habitats that provide suitable shelter from extreme heat. It is recommended that species distribution models should also consider other variables, including land use changes, pesticide use, and disease prevalence, to provide a more comprehensive understanding of how honey bee species may respond to climate change in the future.