Journal of Wildlife and Biodiversity

Emerging Technologies to Combat Poaching

2024-09-16T15:45:42+03:00

Like traditional crimes that harm human society, wildlife crime also threatens the animal population. In the present scenario, it is increasing at an alarming rate daily, ultimately leading to their extinction and an imbalanced ecosystem. Wildlife crime is committed in variable forms such as hunting, illegal wildlife trading, animal trafficking, as well import and export of medicinal plants and their products but out of them cases of Poaching were reported increasingly and thus need special attention as the poachers are increasing day by day and their urge for monetary gain is also enhancing. Although traditional methods were already implemented to reduce the numbers still, these methods had certain limitations and hence, require modification and advancement. By keeping this in mind, the current review deals with the techniques that can be utilized to combat such crimes, with special emphasis on new emerging techniques including hardware and software-based methods.

Systematics and distribution of the genus Paralaudakia Baig, Wagner, Ananjeva and Böhme, 2012 (Sauria, Agamidae): A review

2024-09-14T11:58:40+03:00

The purpose of this study is to assess the genus Paralaudakia. Baig et al., 2012 based on 54 morphological characteristics divided genus Laudakia into three different genera: Laudakia Gray, 1845; Stellagama Baig, Wagner, Ananjeva and Böhme, 2012; and Paralaudakia Baig, Wagner, Ananjeva and Böhme, 2012. The genus Paralaudakia inhabits the mountainous rock settings. Its range include eight recognized species and ranges from Greece and the delta of the Nile on the west, through Central Asia and the Middle East, to the northeastern Gobi Altai and the Brahmaputra River on the east. The Caucasian rock agama consists of eight species P. caucasia (Eichwald, 1831), P. erythrogaster (Nikolsky, 1896), P. badakshana (Anderson & Leviton, 1969), P.bochariensis (Nikolsky, 1897), P. himalayana (Steindachner, 1867), P. lehmanni (Nikolsky, 1896), P. microlepis (Blanford, 1874), and P. stoliczkana (Blanford 1875).

Coexistence and potential of smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) as biological control for invasive Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) in Southern Peninsular, Malaysia

2024-09-11T03:09:05+03:00

The smooth-coated otter, scientifically known as Lutrogale perspicillata, is a key species in maintaining the ecological balance of freshwater ecosystems. However, increasing human-otter conflicts, particularly in southern Peninsular Malaysia, pose challenges to conservation and local livelihoods. The distribution of this species remains understudied, especially in southern Peninsular Malaysia. Hence, this study aimed to map the distribution patterns of smooth-coated otters and identify conflict hotspots where otters come into close contact with human activities. Data were collected through surveys and interviews across eight study sites in Johor state, with 49 respondents participating. The findings revealed that 89.80% of otter sightings were concentrated near riverine habitats, underscoring their preference for freshwater environments. In Johor, otters were typically observed in small groups of three to five individuals, in contrast to the larger groups reported in neighboring Singapore. The conflict involved otter predation on farmed fish, particularly Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.), an invasive species that disrupts local ecosystems and biodiversity. Local communities faced significant economic losses due to otter predation and the resulting damage to fishing equipment. Contributing factors included habitat degradation and land-use changes. Suggested mitigation strategies from local respondents included physical barriers, improved habitat management, and educational programs to promote coexistence. These findings emphasize the need for targeted conservation efforts and conflict mitigation strategies to ensure the long-term survival of smooth-coated otters in rapidly urbanizing regions.

Ambient levels and health risk assessment of BTEX and inorganic pollutants in the vicinity of mega-industrial area, Iran

2024-07-13T14:15:29+03:00

BTEX, SO₂, NO₂ and GLO are important components in the ambient air that have the potential to increase population health risks. In this study, active sampling was applied for BTEX based on NIOSH manual of analytical method 1501 and SO₂, NO₂ and GLO concentrations were monitored using an ambient analyzer during the period April to September 2017 at three areas in the vicinity of gas refineries and petrochemical's complexes located in southern Iran. The average values of SO₂ and NO₂concentrations in the ASP area (near the industrial zone) varied from 97.2 to 128.1 μg m^-3 in the evening hours and from 50.2 to 62.3 μg m^-3 in the morning hours respectively. The lowest concentration of NO₂ was observed during afternoon hours when GLO showed a peak. The maximum pikes of GLO concentration were observed at 13:00 PM with 249.3 μg m⁻³. For BTEX, the greatest average concentration was observed in the ASP area with 12.7 μg m⁻³ in July month. The HQ for all pollutants was <1.0 at three areas. The lifetime cancer risk of benzene obtained for >12 years (adult) who living in the ASP area is higher than the limits recommended by USEPA. Sensitivity analysis show that benzene and ethylbenzene concentrations and body weight have greater impact on the health risk assessment.

GIS-based spatial distribution of potable water quality analysis of drinking water in District Kasur

2024-09-19T13:02:00+03:00

The present study was carried out to evaluate the potable water quality of the district of Kasur, Punjab, Pakistan. In this study, 100 water samples were collected in sterilized bottles (1000 ml) by using Global Positioning System (GPS) essentials from Kasur, Chunian, Pattoki, and Kot Radha Kishan of District Kasur Punjab, Pakistan. The water samples were immediately subjected to both physicochemical analysis and bacteriological examination of Klebsiella, E.coli, and Shigella. The data of all the tested samples indicated that pH examined from 6.52- 8.9, Electrical Conductivity (EC) from 600-4030μS/cm, Biochemical Oxygen Dissolve (BOD) from 1.2-3.4 mg/L, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) from 170- 3070 ppm, Dissolve Oxygen (DO) from 4.56-7.9 mg/L, Cl from 100-480 mg/L and Temperature (T) from 23.5-25.5°C. These parameters exceeded the permissible limits for drinking water set by WHO and PSQCA. Colony Forming Unit (CFU) was found by using the Total Viable Count Method, which was found to be higher in Chunian at 3.800cfu/uL. The prevalence of isolated bacteria such as Klebsiella, E.coli, and Shigella was also recorded in 76 water samples by performing different biochemical tests. The conclusion revealed that the physiochemical and bacteriological quality of the water in these regions cannot be considered of good quality as it is highly turbid and unsafe for drinking purposes. Therefore, the water management committee must collaborate with other stakeholders to ensure proper purification and treatment of domestic water sources, underscoring the importance of collective action.

Pre-germination Treatments and Application of Soil Amendments for Supa (Sindora supa Merr.)

2024-09-21T15:03:24+03:00

This study aimed to determine the optimal pre-germination techniques and soil amendments for Supa through two experiments. The first experiment tested four pre-treatment techniques: control, soaking in cold water for 12 and 24 hours, and soaking in hot water for 5 and 10 minutes. The second experiment applied different soil amendments to transplanted seedlings: garden soil/control, 2:1 garden soil and cow dung, 2:1 garden soil and chicken manure, 2:1 garden soil and vermicompost, and 2:1 garden soil and sawdust. Both experiments were arranged in a Completely Randomized Design. Results showed that Supa seeds soaked in hot water for 10 minutes (T4) had the highest percentage germination and germinative energy, while seeds subjected to cold water for 24 hours (T2) had the earliest mean days of emergence. There was no significant difference among treatments for percent germination and germinative energy. Regarding soil amendments, Supa seedlings had a 100% survival rate in all treatments except for chicken manure (T2). The sawdust treatment resulted in the highest increase in root collar diameter, root length, and number of secondary roots while vermicompost resulted in the highest increase in shoot length, chlorophyll content, and root biomass. The untreated and cow dung treatments resulted in the highest shoot biomass. All parameters were significantly affected by the different amendments, except for the number of secondary roots and root biomass.

Phylogeography on GIS Based Distribution of Snake Fauna from Cholistan Desert Pakistan

2024-10-18T19:09:54+03:00

The current abstract revealed the significant portion of the overall ecological zones that exist in Cholistan Desert are explored by the authors. Snake samples were collected from selected locations inside the Cholistan Desert. There were 50 GPS localities were documented for the phylogeography of snake fauna from study area. The Tail tip biopsies was collected from specimen with the help of forceps. DNA was extracted from tail tip tissue and internal organs of dead specimen e.g, liver and spleen by using Qiagen amp Tissue Genomic Extraction kit according to manufacturer instructions. During present field survey total 11 species and 36 specimens of snakes were recorded from different habitats of study area. However, total six species and ten specimens were successful amplified, sequenced and attained accession numbers from GenBank. After trimming ambiguous bases, the obtained Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1) fragments of Spalerosophis diadema was 645 bp, Eryx sistanensis was 697 pb, Platyceps rhodorachis 696bp, Ptyas macosa 696bp, Bungarus caeruleus 704bp and Eryx tataricus was 657 bp. Maximum likelihood trees of Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1) sequences based on Kimura 2-parameter distance and uncorrected pairwise genetic differences (p-distance) for the studied taxa show clear species identification.

A seemingly unrelated bivariate probit model to estimate the non-use value of wildlife

2024-09-28T13:30:49+03:00

The benefits of wildlife and natural resources, both in their use and non-use, are significant for humans. A market must exist to ensure that these resources are utilized efficiently and optimally. In a study involving 900 respondents, a Seemingly Unrelated Bivariate Probit Model (SUBPM) was used to analyze the non-use value of wildlife. The regression results from the SUBPM revealed that the willingness to pay (WTP) for the non-use value of wildlife is affected by the initial bid price, monthly income, the respondent’s connection with wildlife, and age. Furthermore, the Krinsky Robb estimation for double dichotomous WTP indicated that the average annual willingness to pay for wildlife conservation is estimated at 8 Ethiopian Birr (ETB) per person and 1,627,290 Ethiopian Birr for the total population. The study suggested that dichotomous choice or double-bounded elicitation procedures are preferable to open-ended ones. These results are encouraging concerning the potential to measure the non-use value of wildlife, which could assist park management and decision-makers in implementing welfare measures for the non-use value component of the park, ensuring the sustainable use of wildlife through conservation activities.

Impact of E-Sel supplementation on egg production, fertility, and hatchability in Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica)

2024-10-26T00:31:18+03:00

Dietary deficiencies, particularly in vitamins and minerals, are critical issues in poultry nutrition, often leading to reduced egg production, fertility, and hatchability. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Vitamin E, selenium, and zinc supplementation on egg production, fertility, and hatchability of Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica). The study was conducted in a Private facility in Rahim Yar Khan (Punjab) from February 2022 to May 2022 to explore the effects of supplementations (E-SEL, Albovit Selenex Plus) on egg production, fertile eggs and hatched chicks of Japanese quail kept under captivity. The birds were categorized into two groups, i.e., a control and an experimental group, each consisting of one male and three females. It was observed that the supplementations showed significant effects on fertility at P<0.05 with maximum egg fertility of 91%, and increased egg production and hatchability of 86% were noticed in the experimental group. It was concluded that supplementation has good impacts on egg production, fertility, and hatchability of Japanese Quail.

Isolation and identification of Fungal Species from the skin of Bull frog (Hoplobatrachus tigerinus): Prevalence and Ecological Implications

2024-10-26T16:42:20+03:00

Amphibians, especially frogs, play a critical role in ecosystems, acting as prey and predator and influencing nutrient cycling between aquatic and terrestrial habitats. This study aimed to isolate and identify fungal species present on the skin of the bullfrog (Hoplobatrachus tigerinus) in District Kasur, Pakistan. A total of 20 bullfrogs were sampled, and mucus swabs were taken from their skin to analyze fungal communities. The swabs were cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar, Potato Dextrose Agar, and Brain Heart Infusion Agar. Morphological and biochemical techniques were used for the identification of fungal species. A total of 35 fungal isolates representing four species including Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus terreus, and Rhizopus stolonifer were identified. Aspergillus niger (60%) was the most prevalent species, followed by Aspergillus fumigatus (50%), Rhizopus stolonifer (30%) and Aspergillus terreus (15%). It can be concluded that the presence of Aspergillus spp., may have significant effects on health of Hoplobatrachus tigerinus. However, more research is needed to determine whether these fungi are benign, symbiotic, or pathogenic in amphibians. Future studies should aim to investigate the specific interactions between these fungi and their amphibian hosts, especially under various environmental stress conditions, such as pollution or climate change.

GH and IGF1 gene variation and carcass yield characteristics in three Kurdish quail lines

2024-09-28T23:25:03+03:00

This study aimed to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the GH and IGF1genes and evaluate their associations with growth performance traits, such as body weight (BW), dressing percentage, and carcass characteristics, in three quail lines: desert, brown, and white. Marker-assisted selection, which employs fast and precise molecular analysis of genes, is recognized as a powerful method for expediting genetic improvement in poultry production. Data on performance and carcass traits (including pre-slaughter weight and weights of the breast, thigh, neck, back, wings, head, feet, gizzard, liver, heart, and abdominal fat) were recorded. Additionally, blood samples were taken from 72 birds for DNA extraction and SNP analysis. Genotype identification was performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) techniques with specific primers and restriction enzymes. Further analysis of quail carcass traits showed significant variations due to genetic line and sex. The Desert line consistently demonstrated superior values for most carcass parameters, including breast, thigh, and neck weights. Females exhibited higher carcass weights and dressing percentages compared to males, though males showed greater foot weight. The study confirms that genetic lines and sex significantly impact quail growth and carcass quality, with Desert quail outperforming others in several traits. Additionally, RFLP markers were associated with economic traits, highlighting the potential for molecular techniques in improving quail production. This research underscores the importance of genetic and environmental factors in optimizing quail breeding programs to improve quail growth traits and carcass quality.

Comparative Characterization of Gut Microbiota of Apis mellifera and Apis dorsata Using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)

2024-10-28T15:01:56+03:00

The present study explores the gut microbiota of Apis mellifera and Apis dorsata using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) to understand microbial diversity and relative abundance. A total of 05 specimens of each honeybee species were collected from District Kasur, Pakistan and processed under sterile conditions for gut dissection. DNA was successfully extracted and by V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene was successfully amplified. The analysis revealed significant bacterial phyla with Proteobacteria dominating in both species accounting for 83% in Apis mellifera and 80% in Apis dorsata. Furthermore, prevalent phyla included Bacteroidota, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteriota were documented. Prominent genera identified in both species were Commensalibacter, Dysgonomonas, Lactobacillus, and Gilliamella, which contribute to gut health and fermentation processes. Differences were observed in the dominance of families with Enterobacteriaceae prevalent in Apis mellifera and Acetobacteraceae in Apis dorsata, potentially linked to diet and habitat. The findings suggest that variations in gut microbiota are shaped by environmental conditions, foraging behaviors and evolutionary differences between these two species. These results provide a baseline information for future researches into the functional roles of microbiota in honeybee health and ecological adaptation.

Taxonomic assessment of Bungarus caeruleus (Schneider, 1801) in Kasur and Lahore Districts, Punjab, Pakistan: A morphological and phylogenetic analysis

2024-10-31T09:57:46+03:00

Habitat fragmentation, inbreeding, and genetic drift are responsible for the loss of genetic variability. Advancement in molecular techniques is key to understanding species identification, species relationships, and evolution. The present was designed to collect information about the morphological variations and genetic diversity of Bungarus caeruleus (Schneider, 1801) from two districts (Kasur and Lahore) of the Punjab Province of Pakistan. Thirteen specimens of Bungarus caeruleus (Schneider, 1801) were collected from different locations in both districts. Data related to habitat, species, age, sex, location (village/tehsil/district), urbanicity global positioning system (GPS) coordinate, and sampling date were noted in the field. First, we study morphological variations in individuals. Then mtDNA (cytochrome-b) sequence of B. caeruleus was used to compare the phylogenetic status among inter and intra-species. Significant morphological variations are seen among the samples. The body measurement results show that area in the length and weight of the individual. There was no difference genetically between the thirteen samples of B. caeruleus.

Virulence of different entomopathogenic fungal strains against different life stages of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

2024-10-30T22:55:28+03:00

Maize holds great significance in Pakistan's agricultural landscape as it is an essential crop that plays a vital role in the country's food security and agricultural economy. However, the recent invasion of Spodoptera frugiperda, commonly known as fall armyworm (FAW), poses a significant threat to the sustainability of maize production in Pakistan. Therefore, it is imperative to address and manage this challenge to safeguard the nation's agricultural stability and ensure the continued well-being of its communities. The evaluation of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF), including Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Trichoderma viride, Isaria fumosorosea, Lecanicillium lecanii, and Aspergillus Niger, is a valuable initiative to understand their effectiveness in inducing mortality across various biological parameters against fall armyworm. The findings are noteworthy, indicating the varying efficacy of different entomopathogenic fungi in causing mortality across different life stages of fall armyworm. B. bassiana, M. anisopliae, and A. Niger stand out for causing the highest egg mortality at 34.09%, 25.44%, and 23.60%, respectively. Moreover, the impact on larval mortality is significant, with B. bassiana and M. anisopliae demonstrating their effectiveness across multiple instars. Notably, B. bassiana led in causing the highest mortality in the 1st, 4th, and 6th instars, while M. anisopliae had the highest impact in the 2nd, 3rd, and 5th instars. Additionally, B. bassiana and M. anisopliae caused the highest larval mortality of 31.43% and 22.77%, 23.43% and 18.77%, 22.76% and 13.44%, 29.02% and 20.36%, 19.92% and 15.43%, 21.64% and 12.32% against 1st instar, 2nd instar, 3rd instar, 4th instar, 5th instar and 6th instar respectively. The consistent pattern of mortality caused by B. bassiana and M. anisopliae extends to pupae of Fall Armyworm (FAW), with respective rates of 18.76% and 12.77%. The reliable impact on different life stages shows potential utility of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae in comprehensive pest management strategies.

Physiological and biochemical parameters in two fish species (Scardinius erythrophthalmus and Cyprinus carpio) in different rivers of Kosovo

2025-01-13T00:43:11+03:00

The aim of this research was to analyze physiological and biochemical parameters in two fish species (Scardinius erythrophthalmus and Cyprinus carpio) taken in three different rivers of Kosovo. Fish samples were applying the electrofishing method (according to Hans Grassl GmbH) alongside the Sitnica, Lepenci, and Lumbardhi i Prizrenit rivers. The biochemical parameters—plasma glucose (GLU), total protein (TP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)—were analyzed in the blood samples of 135 fish of both species. The research results showed a significant increase in GLU concentration and a highly significant increase in the AST and ALT levels (P < 0.05), while a significant decrease in TP concentration (P < 0.05) was observed in two fish species taken in the Sitnica River, compared with the fish species taken in the Lepenci and Lumbardhi i Prizrenit rivers. Due to their rapid reactions and great sensitivity to changes in the aquatic environment, fish continue to be key bioindicators that play a crucial role in monitoring pollution in the aquatic ecosystem. These findings highlight the need to improve the dynamics and techniques of monitoring water pollution in the Sitnica, Lumbardhi i Prizrenit, and Lepenci rivers as well as their biota, particularly fish as bioindicator organisms.

Recent incidence of Hieroglyphus oryzivours (Hemiacridiane: Acrididae: Orthoptera)in various Districts of upper Sindh Pakistan

2024-11-16T09:19:48+03:00

The present survey was carried out to know the incidence of H. oryzivorus in different agriculture fields in two forms of H. oryzivorus (Brachypterous form, Macropterous form) which are the vigorous pest of the paddy in Sindh. The investigation is being carried out from June 2020 to November 2022. A total of 2072 specimens were collected from different agricultural zones of seven districts of Sindh from different crops and grasses. The incidence was highest in district Khairpur at 17.9 % followed by district Kashmore at 16.03%. The Ghotki was infested by 15.63% While Shikarpur was recorded as 14.14%. The incidence in Larkana was recorded as 13.17%. Sukkur and Jacobabad were less infested in a district with a percentile of 11.87% and 11.25%. Regarding the host plant, the highest number was collected from Sarkanda (Saccharum bengalese) and paddy fields.

Exploring the diversity and abundance of wildlife in human-dominated landscape in eastern Thailand

2025-01-13T00:59:38+03:00

The area around the Sanam Chai Khet Forestry Research and Training Station (SCKFRTS) has been declared a degraded forest. The remaining wildlife in the area is affected by habitat loss, conversion of natural areas to agricultural areas, human settlements, fragmentation, and human disturbance, resulting in the loss of species, populations, and genetic resources. However, there are no studies on wildlife diversity in this region. Therefore, we investigated the diversity, abundance, and activity period of mammals in the SCKFRTS region to provide guidelines for efficient conservation management. We conducted a study of the diversity, abundance, and activity period of wildlife species using camera trapping in the SCKFRTS, from July 2023 to May 2024, for 11 months, with 46 camera trap locations, totaling 1,668 trap nights. The results revealed 3 classes, 11 orders, and 22 species of wildlife species. The wildlife diversity index was 2.03. The highest species diversity index was observed for wild elephants (0.36), followed by that for red junglefowl (0.24) and large-spotted civets (0.20). The relative abundance index of all the recorded species was 15.95%. Wild elephants were the most abundant (7.31%) species. Species that were active at night included the large-spotted civet, small Indian civet, and long-tailed giant rat. Cathemeral species included the golden jackal, northern red muntjac, and wild elephant. Strongly diurnal species included the small Indian mongoose, northern pig-tailed macaque, and Indochinese ground squirrel. These findings indicate that various natural wildlife inhabits the area. Therefore, the impact of activities conducted in this area on wildlife should be considered. Management should be conducted as a model for conservation in the area, and the ecology of important wildlife in the area should be monitored.

Pleske's Ground Jay habitat suitability modeling: implications for conservation

2025-01-13T01:05:12+03:00

Abbas-Abad Wildlife Refuge is one of the richest protected areas of the Iranian central plateau, hosting different valuable, threatened, and native species, such as the Iranian Pleske's Ground Jay. Habitat features of this native species at the landscape level were investigated using the Maximum Entropy method. Our analysis showed that more than 50 percent of the predicted suitable habitats are located outside the legally protected areas, which require special consideration. We found that the predicted potential habitats for the species in the IUCN database (for Isfahan province) are three times more than our findings in this study. Our analysis indicated that air relative humidity, topography, proximity to seasonal springs, and sand dunes are the main landscape-level habitat variables that affect species distribution. Including unprotected habitats in the reserved areas network can help sustain viable populations of the Ground Jay.

Possible role of companion birds in one health implication of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from feces of captive wild birds

2025-01-06T12:15:08+03:00

Many zoonotic infections affect wild birds in captivity, primarily because companion birds pose a serious threat to their conservation. The faecal-oral cycle typically spreads zoonotic diseases. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a zoonotic pathogen, is responsible for many nosocomial infections in wild birds and is also a health risk to other birds and humans. The current research is to explore antibacterial resistance in P. aeruginosa and the significant role of companion birds as potential carriers of this pathogen. A total of 45 cloacal/fecal samples were collected from 20 bird species using swabs from Safari Zoo Lahore and Lahore Zoological Garden. The prevalence of P. aeruginosa at the aviary of Safari Zoo Lahore was 54%, and 67% at the Lake of Lahore Zoological Garden. The prevalence of P. aeruginosa between two different captive sites was not significant (P < 0.005). The isolated strains of P. aeruginosa showed 100% resistance to six antibiotics, which suggests that P. aeruginosa is MDR (multidrug resistant). We must consider the recurring transmission of P. aeruginosa from companion birds to captive birds, which can result in zoonosis and potentially affect the health of both the keepers and visitors at these two captive locations. Controlling the interaction between free-living birds and captive birds through the implementation of a proper management plan is crucial.

Diversity and molecular identification of bird species from South Punjab, Pakistan

2024-12-03T19:41:15+03:00

The present one-year study was conducted in selected sites in South Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 2634 bird specimens were recorded belonging to 33 species 12 orders and 23 families. The avifauna recorded was a combination of bird species found in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Passeriformes was the most dominant order followed by Columbiformes and Falconiformes. Shannon-Weiner diversity index was calculated as 3.261, Simpson’s diversity index was 0.9562 and Evenness was 0.8149 showing homogenized species distribution. DNA of a few species was successfully extracted from whole blood by phenol-chloroform method and quantification was done on Thermo Scientific NanoDrop 2000. DNA was amplified using a COI primer set and after trimming ambiguous bases, the obtained COI fragment was 670 bp. The obtained DNA sequences were submitted to NCBI Genbank and accession numbers were obtained. The neighbor-joining tree was constructed based on p-distance using MEGA 10. The overall, genetic divergence was 0.154±0.009. It can be concluded that compiling a public library of DNA barcodes associated with identified specimens could contribute to a new token for species identification. The present study confirmed the efficacy of COI barcodes in the identification of avifauna from the study area. High bootstrap values in the N-J tree indicate that most of the South Punjab bird species seem to have a related genetic structure. It is recommended that further comprehensive studies on genetic diversity should be conducted across more diverse geographical locations in Pakistan. This would help identify cryptic species and provide a clearer understanding of the phylogenetic relationships among avian species in the region.

First comprehensive study on ichthyofaunal diversity of river Khurram Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan

2024-11-13T19:10:30+03:00

Highlighting the importance of fish species such as economical, ecological, medical, cheap and rich source of animal portions and also more diverse group among vertebrates the present study was aimed to explore the fish diversity of River Kurram, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan from September 2019 to September 2022. Fish specimens were collected from 12 different sites by the help of local fisherman by using cast net, collected specimens were washed and preserved in 90% ethanol for further observation. A total 1902 specimens were collected and identified which belong to six orders, eight families, 22 genus and 35 species. The most diverse orders were cypriniforms followed by suliriform, Perciform, Salmoniforms and Chenniforms, while less diverse order was Mastacembeliforms representing only one species. In family wise diversity the more diverse family was cyprinadae represented by 19 species (carassius auratus, cyprinus carpio, barilius modestus, barilius vagra, barilius pakistanicus,cyprinus watsoni ,puntius ticto, puntius sophore, schizothorax plagiostomus, schizothorax labiatus, schistura alepidote, schistura shadwalensis, schistura prashari,tor putitora, cirrhinus mrigala ,crossocheilus diplocheilus, garra gotyla followed by sisoradae (glyptothorax stocki, glyptosternon reticulatum, glyptothorax punjabensis, glyptothorax naziri,glyptothorax kashmirensis and ompak pabda, cichilidae(oreochromis aureus,oreochromus niloticus and oriochromis mozabica), nemacheilidae (triplophysa naziri, triplophysa choprai and acanthocobitis botia), Salmonidae(oncorhynchus mykiss and salmo trutta, chennidae (channa gachua and channa punctata, and less diverse was mastacembelidae representing only one species mestacembelus armitus. representing 241 specimens and 12.7% of the total collected specimens, followed by Garra gotta 139 specimens and 7.3%, various pakistanikus 128 specimens and 6.7%, and Tor Putitora 122 specimens and 6.4% On the hand, the specimens of Cyprinus watsoni and schistura shadwalensis were observed rarest in number each 11 specimens with 0.58% of the total specimens in species wise distribution the most abundant species was Schizothorax plageostomus which was collected from almost all study area sites except few sites in upper reign.

Comparative assessment of ambient air quality in large and small ruminant farms: Insights from Lahore and Pattoki

2024-11-25T11:04:31+03:00

Livestock farming systems deteriorate the air quality as 7.1 Giga tons of CO₂-equivalents are emitted by livestock globally per year, which amounts to 14.5 % of all human-caused GHGs emanations. This study was designed to investigate the ambient air quality of livestock farms (10 large ruminants, 7 small ruminants) at Pattoki and Peri-urban areas of Lahore. Particulate matter (PM_2.5, PM₁₀), methane (CH₄), carbon dioxide (CO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), ozone (O₃), and carbon monoxide (CO) were measured at each livestock farm thrice during six months of the study. The measurements were taken using HazScanner (HIM-6000) and Series 500 Portable Air Quality Monitor (AeroQual). Results revealed that, on average, PM_2.5 concentrations exceeded the standard values by 6 times at large ruminant farms and 5.5 times at small ruminant farms. In contrast, PM₁₀ concentrations exceeded the standard values by 4 times at large ruminant farms and 3 times at small ruminant farms. Similarly, high concentrations of SO₂ were observed at both types of farms where mean concentrations far exceeded the standard values. Moreover, higher CH₄ concentrations were also recorded at both types of farms. Hence, particulate matter, methane, and sulfur dioxide were identified to be air pollutants of concern at livestock farms in comparison to other air pollutants (CO₂, O₃, CO, NO₂, H₂S) assessed in this study. A significant difference in air pollutant concentrations between the large and small ruminant farms was only found for H₂S. The poor air quality at the livestock farms also affects the animal health as indicated by the increased prevalence of diseases during the study period. Further research should encompass larger geographic regions to generate comprehensive data and establish causative relationships between pollutants and livestock health. Moreover, considering the escalating impacts of climate change, it is important to integrate its influence on air quality and its subsequent effects on animal welfare into future studies.

Checklist of the herpetofauna in an area of the Cerrado Biome, Central Brazil, under strong mining pressure

2024-10-29T03:31:11+03:00

A checklist of the species of amphibians and reptiles in an area of the Cerrado Biome, in the municipality of Minaçu, state of Goiás, in central Brazil, is presented here. During the works on an access road to a mining enterprise, the work of rescuing fauna along the road took place, and through this work of rescuing fauna, 14 species of amphibians and 45 species of reptiles were recorded. This richness of amphibian and reptile species was recorded in three different fragments of phytophysiognomies of the Cerrado Biome: Mata Seca, Mata de Galeria and Mata Ciliar and anthropic environment. In addition to the herpetofauna checklist, information regarding the richness and similarity between the three phytophysiognomies and anthropic environment is presented.

Insights on human-sloth bear conflict in and around eco-sensitive zone: Chhota Udepur, Gujarat, India

2024-10-25T15:23:26+03:00

An ecologically sensitive zone and a non-protected forest in Chhota Udepur district together form a corridor between two wildlife sanctuaries in Gujarat, India. The area has a high incidence of human-bear conflict, with 103 incidents recorded from 2008-2020, corresponding with a rise in the sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) population. People rely on the forests for the collection of natural resources and often encounter wildlife, including sloth bears. Our study found that males (n = 73, 70.9%) were more frequently attacked by sloth bears than females. Encounters were high during the summer (n = 46, 44.6%) and the monsoon season (35.9%), with most attacks during the day. Interaction with sloth bears was highest in the forested areas (59.8%), followed by farms (34%) when locals were working. We recorded 7.9 (±5.1 SD) bear attacks per year in the area. Our findings revealed that the temporal overlap between locals and sloth bears inside forests was the cause of conflicts. Regulation of human movement and bear safety education may reduce the attacks and mitigate the human-bear conflict in this important corridor within the sloth bear landscape in Gujarat.

Bio-ecology and breeding biology of Prinia burnesii burnesii (Blyth, 1844) in the Indus plains

2024-10-27T08:52:50+03:00

The Rufous-vented Prinia (Prinia burnesii burnesii) is a near threatened grassland passerine bird. The current study aimed to document its bio-ecology and breeding biology. A sensitive camera was used to examine the feeding and breeding behavior. It primarily relied on insects as its main source of diet. Gleaning and probe were the main food capturing behaviors. A total of 33 nests were found, of which 30 were active. Out of 33 nests, 21 were built on S. spontaneum grass, 10 on S. munja and 2 on Prosopis juliflora plants. All the nests were cup-shaped, built on plants with a mean height of 2.63±0.50 meters. The mean clutch size was 3.38±0.5. Both parents took part in nest building and chick rearing. Only female birds consistently incubated the eggs. Incubation and nestling periods lasted for 17±0.51 days (n=23, range=16-18) and 12±0.75 days (n=17, range=11-13), respectively. The total period from nest building to fledging counted for 37.4±1.01 days (n=17, range=36-39). The overall survival rate was 37%. Predation and clearance of grasslands for agricultural purposes are the main threats to its breeding success.

Meat quality analysis of naked neck chickens: Role of cabbage leaves and different production systems

2024-12-06T07:24:49+03:00

This study evaluated the impact of cabbage leaves as a selenium source on carcass traits, quality, composition, and taste of meat from naked neck chickens raised in various housing systems. Experimental birds were managed at the ICGRC, UVAS, and divided into 2 production systems (Intensive and free range) and 4 feeding strategies (control feed, 0.3mg per kg selenium from cabbage leaves, 0.3mg per kg selenium from sodium selenite and 0.3mg per kg selenium from cabbage leaves+ sodium selenite). A total of 128 birds (4 per replicate) were slaughtered at 18 weeks of age and data were analyzed using the factorial ANOVA and DMR tests. Birds in the intensive system demonstrated superior carcass traits, higher shear force, and greater percentages of moisture, crude protein, and ash in the meat. In contrast, free-range birds exhibited more vibrant meat color, higher chroma, cooking loss, dry matter, and ether extract percentages but lower pH levels. Among feeding strategies, diets enriched with selenium from cabbage leaves improved carcass, breast, drumstick, ribs and back, wing, neck, and gizzard weights, while control-fed birds had higher live and thigh weights. A combined selenium diet increased shear force, whereas cabbage selenium alone enhanced the hue angle and crude protein percentage. Sodium selenite supplementation led to higher chroma, cooking loss, dry matter, ether extract, and ash percentages. Additionally, meat from cabbage-fed birds displayed better color, while the combination diet improved taste, flavor, and overall acceptability. Overall, significant interactions between feeding strategies and production systems were observed across all parameters. The findings highlight the potential of selenium-enriched cabbage leaves as a viable dietary supplement to improve meat quality and sensory attributes in naked neck chickens.

New data on the reproduction and possible prey objects of Elaphe dione (Pallas, 1773) (Reptilia: Colubridae) in specially protected areas of the Samara Region

2024-11-03T17:05:13+03:00

The new data on the reproduction and probable prey objects of Elaphe dione are summarized. Body size and body mass of pregnant females, the timing of egg laying, the number and parameters of the eggs, and the parameters of the newborn snakes are given. High energy expenditures and RCM were found in females. Based on the results of the census of mouse-like rodents as the main food items of the snakes, the first data on the potential composition of the prey objects of pregnant E. dione in the Zhiguli Nature Reserve were obtained.